Infrastructure in Crisis: A Values-Driven Framework for Transparent Contextual Decision-Making in Emergency Situations

Crises that lean on techno-solutionism often conflict with user privacy concerns. The technology industry frequently applies user expectations in an ad hoc manner, such as after a scandal or legal repercussions. Users have technology and tools thrust upon them with little or no choice as they attend school, go to work, and participate in society. This is compounded with a sense of urgency where privacy is an after-thought in the design of technology solutions. This paper proposes a values-driven framework to guide implementors to identify core values that connect to the technical functionality. It also prompts decision-makers and implementors to transparently define the lifecycle of data as it traverses their technology by describing the stages that users will encounter. This framework aims to bring higher level ideas and values directly into the decision-making process as it situates and connects human values within the data lifecycle to functionality within the technology

Locating Variation in Person Restrictions

Person based restrictions on combination of two internal argument clitics known as the Person Case Constraint (PCC) show two types of variation: (i) Different languages and different groups of speakers within one language allow differ combinations of person on the two internal argument clitics, and (ii) languages differ on which of the two arguments is realized differently when cliticization of both is blocked by the PCC. Two types of proposals exist within the larger literature on person based restrictions for how the first type of variation arises. Multiple Agree analyses locate the variation in the parametrization of the operation Agree. Cyclic Agree analyses on the other hand locate the variation in the properties of the functional lexicon, specifically the feature content of the probe and its syntactic position. Case studies of Central Catalan and Classical Arabic demonstrate here that a Cyclic Agree analysis using different feature specifications on the probe can account for variation of the first type between the Strong PCC and the Ultrastrong PCC within each of the the two languages. Cyclic Agree thus offers a unified analysis of such variation in the PCC and in person restrictions between subjects and objects where it was originally proposed (Bejar & Rezac 2009). The second type of variation is shown to arise from the different underlying structures that cause PCC in Central Catalan and Classical Arabic. A Cyclic Agree analysis offers a way of understanding this variation in terms of the different positions of the probes, different locality patterns of Agree as a function thereof and the presence of other processes of movement and Agree. The alternative strategies used when the PCC blocks cliticization are argued to follow from independent derivational processes, rather than a Last Resort mechanism. The analysis of the PCC is also shown to extend to restrictions on combinations of third person pronouns that are not typically analyzed in the PCC literature. Cyclic Agree thus accounts for some of the variation of the first type, plus the second type and restrictions on combinations of third person pronouns

Infrastructure in Crisis: A Values-Driven Framework for Transparent Contextual Decision-Making in Emergency Situations

Crises that lean on techno-solutionism often conflict with user privacy concerns. The technology industry frequently applies user expectations in an ad hoc manner, such as after a scandal or legal repercussions. Users have technology and tools thrust upon them with little or no choice as they attend school, go to work, and participate in society. This is compounded with a sense of urgency where privacy is an after-thought in the design of technology solutions. This paper proposes a values-driven framework to guide implementors to identify core values that connect to the technical functionality. It also prompts decision-makers and implementors to transparently define the lifecycle of data as it traverses their technology by describing the stages that users will encounter. This framework aims to bring higher level ideas and values directly into the decision-making process as it situates and connects human values within the data lifecycle to functionality within the technology

Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction.

BACKGROUND: Good unaided distance visual acuity is now a realistic expectation following cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Near vision, however, still requires additional refractive power, usually in the form of reading glasses. Multiple optic (multifocal) IOLs are available which claim to allow good vision at a range of distances. It is unclear whether this benefit outweighs the optical compromises inherent in multifocal IOLs. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of multifocal IOLs, including effects on visual acuity, subjective visual satisfaction, spectacle dependence, glare and contrast sensitivity, compared to standard monofocal lenses in people undergoing cataract surgery. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 2), MEDLINE (January 1946 to March 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to March 2012), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov) and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. The electronic databases were last searched on 6 March 2012. We searched the reference lists of relevant articles and contacted investigators of included studies and manufacturers of multifocal IOLs for information about additional published and unpublished studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: All randomised controlled trials comparing a multifocal IOL of any type with a monofocal IOL as control were included. Both unilateral and bilateral implantation trials were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors collected data and assessed trial quality. Where possible, we pooled data from the individual studies using a random-effects model, otherwise we tabulated data. MAIN RESULTS: Sixteen completed trials (1608 participants) and two ongoing trials were identified. All included trials compared multifocal and monofocal lenses but there was considerable variety in the make and model of lenses implanted. Overall we considered the trials at risk of performance and detection bias because it was difficult to mask patients and outcome assessors. It was also difficult to assess the role of reporting bias. There was moderate quality evidence that similar distance acuity is achieved with both types of lenses (pooled risk ratio (RR) for unaided visual acuity worse than 6/6: 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91 to 1.05). There was also evidence that people with multifocal lenses had better near vision but methodological and statistical heterogeneity meant that we did not calculate a pooled estimate for effect on near vision. Total freedom from use of glasses was achieved more frequently with multifocal than monofocal IOLs. Adverse subjective visual phenomena, particularly haloes, or rings around lights, were more prevalent and more troublesome in participants with the multifocal IOL and there was evidence of reduced contrast sensitivity with the multifocal lenses. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal IOLs are effective at improving near vision relative to monofocal IOLs. Whether that improvement outweighs the adverse effects of multifocal IOLs will vary between patients. Motivation to achieve spectacle independence is likely to be the deciding factor

Using data stories to understand spatial mental models of data in natural science domains: Characterizing technical and social infrastructure

This qualitative, participatory study captures, describes, and characterizes participants' technical, social, and cognitive experiences with spatially-organized data. Participants included scientists, researchers, and software developers from a selection of natural science domains who shared how they navigated and made sense of spatially-organized data. A combination of qualitative methods was used to understand how participants conceived of large, multi-dimensional data using infrastructure. Adding to participants' cognitive load, natural science data has grown in size, quantity, and dimensionality as advances in technology allow for more data collection. A narrative mental model was found to be a common cognitive mechanism for understanding and assigning physical meaning to spatially-organized data. Data was represented and stored in many different formats, and participants applied theories from their domain, their previous experience, and software tools to map data as bits and numbers to spatially and temporally-located values. While this project focused on cognitive understanding of data work, impacts of social dynamics in academia and open source software communities surfaced through analysis. Gender differences became a salient feature as participants described vastly different experiences in their domains and larger research communities. Demonstrating that technical and social infrastructure cannot be separated, this finding traces how social and gender dynamics influenced participants' lived data experiences.Submission original under an indefinite embargo labeled 'Open Access'. The submission was exported from vireo on 2024-09-16 without embargo termsThe student, Samantha Walkow, accepted the attached license on 2024-04-11 at 10:10.The student, Samantha Walkow, submitted this Dissertation for approval on 2024-04-11 at 10:17.This Dissertation was approved for publication on 2024-04-16 at 13:56.DSpace SAF Submission Ingestion Package generated from Vireo submission #20356 on 2024-09-16 at 00:33:5

Hat sich die Soziologie in einem double bind verfangen?

Der Beitrag geht von der These aus, dass sich die Soziologie aufgrund ihres Anspruchs die Gesellschaft analysieren und verändern zu wollen, in einen double bind manövriert hat. Diese These wird auf der Grundlage von Gregory Batesons Doppelbindungstheorie, der Theorie funktionaler Differenzierung von Niklas Luhmann und Erving Goffmans Theorie der Imagepflege entfaltet. Demnach verbreitet die Soziologie eine widersprüchliche Selbstbeschreibung. Mit dieser widersprüchlichen Selbstbeschreibung kann der aktuelle öffentliche Relevanzverlust der Soziologie erklärt werden.

Systematically Searching for Identity-Related Information in the Internet with OSINT Tools

The increase of Internet services has not only created several digital identities but also more information available about the persons behind them. The data can be collected and used for attacks on digital identities as well as on identity management systems, which manage digital identities. In order to identify possible attack vectors and take countermeasures at an early stage, it is important for individuals and organizations to systematically search for and analyze the data. This paper proposes a classification of data and open-source intelligence (OSINT) tools related to identities. This classification helps to systematically search for data. In the next step, the data can be analyzed and countermeasures can be taken. Last but not least, an OSINT framework approach applying this classification for searching and analyzing data is presented and discussed.Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Information Systems Security and Privacy - Volume 1: ICISS