46 research outputs found
Homeotic Evolution in the Mammalia: Diversification of Therian Axial Seriation and the Morphogenetic Basis of Human Origins
Despite the rising interest in homeotic genes, little has been known about the course and pattern of evolution of homeotic traits across the mammalian radiation. An array of emerging and diversifying homeotic gradients revealed by this study appear to generate new body plans and drive evolution at a large scale.This study identifies and evaluates a set of homeotic gradients across 250 extant and fossil mammalian species and their antecedents over a period of 220 million years. These traits are generally expressed as co-linear gradients along the body axis rather than as distinct segmental identities. Relative position or occurrence sequence vary independently and are subject to polarity reversal and mirroring. Five major gradient modification sets are identified: (1)--quantitative changes of primary segmental identity pattern that appeared at the origin of the tetrapods ; (2)--frame shift relation of costal and vertebral identity which diversifies from the time of amniote origins; (3)--duplication, mirroring, splitting and diversification of the neomorphic laminar process first commencing at the dawn of mammals; (4)--emergence of homologically variable lumbar lateral processes upon commencement of the radiation of therian mammals and ; (5)--inflexions and transpositions of the relative position of the horizontal septum of the body and the neuraxis at the emergence of various orders of therian mammals. Convergent functional changes under homeotic control include laminar articular engagement with septo-neural transposition and ventrally arrayed lumbar transverse process support systems.Clusters of homeotic transformations mark the emergence point of mammals in the Triassic and the radiation of therians in the Cretaceous. A cluster of homeotic changes in the Miocene hominoid Morotopithecus that are still seen in humans supports establishment of a new "hominiform" clade and suggests a homeotic origin for the human upright body plan
Generic revision and species classification of the Microdontinae (Diptera, Syrphidae)
Peer reviewe
Ten New England leaders :
"Lectures ...delivered on the S̀outhworth foundation,́ in Andover theological seminary in 1896 and 1899."-Prefatory note.William Bradford.--John Cotton.--Richard Mather.--John Eliot.--Increase Mather.--Jonathan Edwards.--Charles Chauncy.--Samuel Hopkins.--Leonard Woods.--Leonard Bacon.Mode of access: Internet
The coming of Yale college to New Haven; an historical address at the commemoration of the two hundredth anniversary of the removal of the Collegiate school of Connecticut to New Haven, October 21, 1916,
Mode of access: Internet