Examining Affective and Cognitive Discourse at the Time of IPO: Effects on Underpricing and the Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation

This study presents evidence concerning the effects of affective and cognitive rhetoric on the underpricing of firms at the time of their initial public offering. It is suggested that firms that use less affective, and more cognitively oriented discourse in their IPO prospectus will experience better underpricing outcomes. We examine these assertions using a sample of young high-tech IPO firms where investors rely on prospectuses as accurate and informative firm communications. Results from a robust five-year time span observe initial support for the hypothesized effects. Moreover, the signaling of a higher degree of entrepreneurial orientation in the firm prospectus is found to worsen the negative effects of affective discours

A comparative study of proprioception in the appendages of decapod crustaceans

The number and structure of the chordotonal organs present at all joints between the coxopodite and dactylopodite of the pereiopods and 3rd maxilliped of the Macruran gammarus L are described. As the form of the receptors depends to some degree upon the structure of the joint I have included details of musculature, planes of movement and degrees of freedom at each joint. 2 The 3rd maxilliped has a smaller number of chordotonal organs than the pereiopod, in particular at the merocarpopodite and cargo-propodite joints where only one organ is present. The response of these receptors shows considerable differences from the corresponding receptors in the pereiopoth 3. The structure of the carpo-propodite joint of both limbs is discussed in detail as this joint differs greatly from that of the Brachyura as a third muscle is present. In the pereiopod this joint is capable of rotation about the longitudinal axis but the additional muscle does not appear to produce this rotation. A small number of units in the CP2 receptor respond to rotation. 4. Cuticular sensilla (CAP organs) are described at the mero-carpopodite and carpo-propodite joints in both limbs and at the I-N joint of the pereiopod. 5. Situated in the basi-isehiopodite of the brachyuran Carcinus maenas are two receptors which resemble the chordotonal receptors of the limb articulations but are obviously not part of the series associated with the joints. The receptors have large numbers of bipolar neurones with their dendrites embedded in distinct connective tissue strands which insert onto discrete areas of thin or soft cuticle. The receptor strands do not span a limb joint nor do they attach to a muscle or its tendon. The receptors are referred to as cuticular stress detectors (CSD). CSD.1 lies proximal to the preformed breakage plane and the area of cuticle, onto which the strand inserts, lies close to the attachment of the anterior levator muscle tendon (autotomiser muscle). CSD.2 which lies distal to the breakage plane is located in the ventral ischiopodite. 6. Because of the proximity of the receptors to the preformed breakage plane the external cuticular features of the basi-ischiopodite and the musculature of the coxo-basipodite joint are described in some detail. 7. Comparative details are given for representative species of the Macrura and Anomurn. The nephropsideans, Macrura, are particularly interesting as only the 1st pereiopod, chela, exhibits true autotomy but both receptors are present in all the pereiopods. 8. A third group of bipolar neurones is described in Palinurus vulgaris where they innervate the membrane that seals the aperture after breakage. 9. The dual role of the two levator muscles in both posture control and autotomy and possible functions of the CSDs are discussed at length. 10. The CSD organs respond to pressure applied to the basi-ischiopodite and upon deformation of the discrete areas of soft cuticle onto which the connective tissue strands of the receptors insert. The CSDs exhibit a wide range of unit activity and both receptors have a similar population of unit types. Some units are active only on application or removal of a force applied to the soft cuticle but a large number of phaso-tonic and tonic units respond to a constant pressure applied to the soft cuticle. The majority of the units respond during application of the stimulus (ON units) but a small proportion of the units increase activity on removal, of the stimulus (OFF units). 11. Passively produced tension in the anterior levator (autotomiser) muscle and depressor muscle tendons of the C-B joint is a potent stimulus to both receptors. 12. Both receptors respond to movement of the B-I joint of the Nephropsidean walking leg and to movement of the I-M joint in the pereiopods of other reptantian decapods where the basipodite and ischiopodite have fused. The degree of activity is not directly related -to the joint position or direction of movement

Nitrogen-bridged, natural product-like octahydrobenzofurans and octahydroindoles: scope and mechanism of bridge-forming reductive amination via caged heteroadamantanes

The biological significance of sp3-rich synthetic scaffolds with natural product-like features yet distinct global frameworks is being increasingly recognised in medicinal chemistry and biochemistry. Taking inspiration from the vast array of bioactive, bridged alkaloids, we report the synthesis of unique, densely functionalised tricyclic scaffolds based on nitrogen-bridged, octahydrobenzofurans and octahydroindoles. These heterocycle-rich frameworks were assembled by a one-pot, two-step bridge-forming reductive amination process, which was shown to proceed via caged, heteroadamantane intermediates that thermodynamically drive an exo–endo epimerisation, enabling intramolecular azaMichael addition over the concave face of the fused bicyclic precursors. In addition to evaluating the scope of this aza bridge-forming reaction, further stereochemical complexity was introduced by subsequent diastereoselective ketone reductions and other manipulations. Finally, strategic diversity points (amino, carboxy) were decorated with common medicinal chemistry fragments, providing a set of exemplar derivatives with Lipinski compliant physicochemical properties

Bostonia. Volume 11

Founded in 1900, Bostonia magazine is Boston University's main alumni publication, which covers alumni and student life, as well as university activities, events, and programs

speed and scaling: an investigation of accelerated firm growth

While most firms do not grow, a small number of firms are able to maintain and accelerate their growth over time. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers continue to question the factors which increase a firm's chances of growing rapidly and becoming a more powerful economic driver. Using a robust longitudinal data set from the United Kingdom (UK) during the period from 2000 to 2017, we investigate the propensity of firms to accelerate growth in sales, employment, market share, and productivity. We report varying effects of firm characteristics, industry competitive factors, and regional factors as drivers of accelerated growth. This study will help policymakers and firm managers understand the forces behind different types of acceleration, and it provides a foundation for future research on the speed of firm growth

Organizational scaling: the role of knowledge spillovers in driving multinational enterprise persistent rapid growth

Based on insights from the spillover, international business, and knowledge management literatures, we study factors that enhance multinational enterprise (MNE) scaling and growth. Viewing MNEs and their employees as potentially rich knowledge sources, we draw attention to MNE-to-MNE knowledge spillover which fuel MNE scaling throughout organizations and employ panel data spanning 44,256 foreign and 21,246 domestic MNEs during 2004-2017. Our results show that (a) foreign MNEs benefit from depth and breadth of organizational knowledge spillover available in a geographic region, (b) domestic MNEs benefit from the depth of human capital knowledge spillover, and surprisingly, (c) domestic ownership hampers MNE scaling

The status quo of research on entrepreneurial orientation : conversational landmarks and theoretical scaffolding

This research aims to gain a deeper appreciation of where the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) conversation has gained momentum based upon an analysis of its key conversational landmarks and the studies which have thus far provided its principal theoretical scaffolding. Drawing upon a bibliometric analysis of 62,499 citations from all 822 publications on EO existing so far, thereby building the most comprehensive overview of EO studies collected to date, we are able to identify which studies, journals, and disciplines have offered critical landmarks within the conversation. Moreover, we categorize these influential landmark studies into four primary areas, namely “Defining pieces”, “Methods and measurement”, “Contingencies”, and “Impact”, and discuss how prominent landmarks within the EO conversation have created the current theoretical scaffolding upon which EO research is now building. Notably, our study observes Schumpeter (1934) theory of entrepreneurship and innovation as ‘creative destruction’ as well as Barney (1991) resource-based view (RBV) as landmarks within EO’s present theoretical scaffolding

The Science of Pronominal Usage: He and It in Co-Reference to Inanimate Objects in Late Middle English Texts on Alchemy

This is the author's accepted manuscript. The published version can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424210384225This article explores the variation between he and it in coreference to inanimate entities (such as mercury, sulfur, and salt). Using alchemical texts from the fifteenth century as material, the article demonstrates that there was much more variation in pronominal reference in this period than has previously been shown. Of the possible explanations suggested by previous research, the earlier grammatical gender system and transference from Latin do not seem to play a role, while pronoun clustering and pronominal reanalysis appear to influence the quantitative distribution. The scale of individuation used by Siemund and Stenroos to explain similar usage is shown not to be a straightforward predictor. Other factors such as personification and perceived similarities between animate and inanimate entities may affect the degree of perceived individuation. The choice of he over she seems to be influenced by pronominal reanalysis and straightforward personification in some cases. In other instances, it is speculated that the he usage reflects (stereotypical) gender conceptions in the Middle Ages

Sharing of either phenotypes or genetic variants can increase the accuracy of genomic prediction of feed efficiency.

BACKGROUND Sharing individual phenotype and genotype data between countries is complex and fraught with potential errors, while sharing summary statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is relatively straightforward, and thus would be especially useful for traits that are expensive or difficult-to-measure, such as feed efficiency. Here we examined: (1) the sharing of individual cow data from international partners; and (2) the use of sequence variants selected from GWAS of international cow data to evaluate the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for residual feed intake (RFI) in Australian cows. RESULTS GEBV for RFI were estimated using genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) with 50k or high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), from a training population of 3797 individuals in univariate to trivariate analyses where the three traits were RFI phenotypes calculated using 584 Australian lactating cows (AUSc), 824 growing heifers (AUSh), and 2526 international lactating cows (OVE). Accuracies of GEBV in AUSc were evaluated by either cohort-by-birth-year or fourfold random cross-validations. GEBV of AUSc were also predicted using only the AUS training population with a weighted genomic relationship matrix constructed with SNPs from the 50k array and sequence variants selected from a meta-GWAS that included only international datasets. The genomic heritabilities estimated using the AUSc, OVE and AUSh datasets were moderate, ranging from 0.20 to 0.36. The genetic correlations (rg) of traits between heifers and cows ranged from 0.30 to 0.95 but were associated with large standard errors. The mean accuracies of GEBV in Australian cows were up to 0.32 and almost doubled when either overseas cows, or both overseas cows and AUS heifers were included in the training population. They also increased when selected sequence variants were combined with 50k SNPs, but with a smaller relative increase. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of RFI GEBV increased when international data were used or when selected sequence variants were combined with 50k SNP array data. This suggests that if direct sharing of data is not feasible, a meta-analysis of summary GWAS statistics could provide selected SNPs for custom panels to use in genomic selection programs. However, since this finding is based on a small cross-validation study, confirmation through a larger study is recommended