Pteridospermous Plants From The Pennsylvanian Of Illinois And Missouri

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141154/1/ajb209160.pd

Expert perceptions on the need and actualisation of CLIL in Finnish municipalities

Abstract. Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has emerged as a common bilingual education model in Finland. It integrates content and language, by teaching content through the medium of a foreign language. The demand for bilingual education is rising, as more municipalities begin to offer specialised linguistic education as a part of their educational services. Educators in Finland have looked to various Western bilingual education models to improve existing language teaching practices. The definition for CLIL does not differentiate between different models of bilingual education. CLIL in Finland is largely synonymous with bilingual education. Teachers and educators in Finland must follow the goals listed in the National Core Curriculum (NCC 2014) for Education, which specifies targets for bilingual education. In Finland, and in the NCC, bilingual education is divided into large-scale and small-scale bilingual education, as well as language immersion, all of which CLIL can be used for. In this study, it was our aim to investigate the perception of CLIL in Finland, and to understand how CLIL is implemented across different municipalities. We interviewed five experts in CLIL across three dimensions of influence — the school level, the municipal level, and the national level. All experts have a connection to CLIL or bilingual education in Finland, relevant to the current positions they hold. We employed qualitative research methods to analyse the data collected from these interviews, using inductive coding, thematic content analysis, as well as elements of phenomenography. From our research we have learned that CLIL is synonymous with bilingual education in Finland. That it’s implementation follows the structures of large-scale, small-scale, and immersion. CLIL is an effective method and approach to adding foreign language teaching into content lessons. It is believed that offering CLIL education in a municipality improves competitiveness while catering to local and international needs. While CLIL at times, is described as a buzzword, in these contexts we have learned that CLIL is more than merely a buzzword, and is in fact a popular choice for teachers and educational leaders interested in promoting multilingualism and internationalisation.Asiantuntijoiden käsityksiä CLIL:n tarpeesta ja toteutuksesta suomalaisissa kunnissa. Tiivistelmä. Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) on yleinen kaksikielisen opetuksen muoto Suomessa. CLIL:ssä integroidaan sisältö ja kieli opettamalla oppiainesisältöjä vieraan kielen kautta. Kaksikielisen opetuksen kysyntä on nousussa, sillä yhä useampi kunta haluaa tarjota vieraskielistä opetusta osana kunnan koulutuspalvelua. Länsimaissa kehitettyjä kaksikielisen opetuksen malleja ja metodeja on hyödynnetty Suomessa osana opetuksen kehittämistä. CLIL käsitteenä ei erottele eri kaksikielisen opetuksen malleja. CLIL on laajalti synonyyminen kaksikielisen opetuksen kanssa. Opetusalan ammattilaiset seuraavat perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman (OPS 2014) tavoitteita kaksikieliseen opetukseen liittyen. OPS:ssa eritellään kaksikielinen opetus laajaan ja suppeaan kaksikieliseen opetukseen sekä kielikylpyopetukseen kotimaisilla kielillä. CLIL:iä voidaan hyödyntää kaikissa edellämainituissa kaksikielisen opetuksen kategorioissa tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi. Tässä tutkimuksessa pyrimme tutkimaan asiantuntijoiden käsityksiä CLIL:stä ja kuinka CLIL:iä tarjotaan ja toteutetaan eri kunnissa. Haastattelimme viittä CLIL-asiantuntijaa kolmelta eri tasolta: koulun, kunnan ja valtion tasoilta. Kaikilla asiantuntijoilla on yhteys CLIL-opetukseen tai kaksikieliseen opetukseen Suomessa ja heidän työskentelevät niiden parissa. Käytimme kvalitatiivisen tutkimuksen metodeja analysoidaksemme haastatteluista saamaamme dataa. Käytimme datan analysoinnissa induktiivisen koodauksen menetelmiä, temaattista sisältöanalyysia sekä fenomenografisen tutkimusotteen elementtejä. Tutkimuksen myötä opimme, että CLIL:iä käytetään synonyymina kaksikielisen opetuksen kanssa. CLIL:n toteutus Suomessa perustuu OPS:ssa eriteltyihin tavoitteisiin, jotka eroavat laajan ja suppeamman kaksikielisen opetuksen sekä kielikylpyopetuksen osalta. CLIL on tehokas metodi ja lähestymistapa, jonka avulla opetetaan kieltä oppiainesisältöjen kautta. CLIL tarjoaa kunnille myös kilpailuedun, sillä sen kautta tarjotaan vastataan paikallisten ja kansainvälisten asukkaiden tarpeisiin. Ajoittain CLIL:iä käytetään pelkkänä muotisanana, mutta tutkimuksemme myötä selvisi, että CLIL on enemmän kuin muotisana ja oikeastaan se on varsin suosittu menetelmä edistää monikielisyyttä ja kansainvälisyyttä

Comparison of Combustion Dynamic Characteristics of Two Advanced Multi-Cup Fuel Injectors

An experimental investigation of the combustion dynamic characteristics of two advanced multi-cup lean direct injectors (LDI) under simulated gas turbine combustor conditions was conducted. The objective was to gain a better understanding of the physical phenomena inside a pressurized flame tube combustion chamber and study the effects of injector flow number on combustion dynamics. The injectors are known as Three-zone Injectors one and two or 3ZI-1 and 3ZI-2, respectively. The injectors were experimentally evaluated at inlet pressures up to 1.724 MPa, non-vitiated air temperatures up to 828K, and adiabatic flame temperatures up to 1975K. Dynamic pressure measurements were taken upstream of the injectors and in the combustion zone. The combustion dynamic behavior of the two injectors was measured over a range of inlet pressures, inlet temperatures, fuel air ratios, and fuel flow splits

Proposed system safety design and test requirements for the microlaser ordnance system

Safety for pyrotechnic ignition systems is becoming a major concern for the military. In the past twenty years, stray electromagnetic fields have steadily increased during peacetime training missions and have dramatically increased during battlefield missions. Almost all of the ordnance systems in use today depend on an electrical bridgewire for ignition. Unfortunately, the bridgewire is the cause of the majority of failure modes. The common failure modes include the following: broken bridgewires; transient RF power, which induces bridgewire heating; and cold temperatures, which contracts the explosive mix away from the bridgewire. Finding solutions for these failure modes is driving the costs of pyrotechnic systems up. For example, analyses are performed to verify that the system in the environment will not see more energy than 20 dB below the 'No-fire' level. Range surveys are performed to determine the operational, storage, and transportation RF environments. Cryogenic tests are performed to verify the bridgewire to mix interface. System requirements call for 'last minute installation,' 'continuity checks after installation,' and rotating safety devices to 'interrupt the explosive train.' As an alternative, MDESC has developed a new approach based upon our enabling laser diode technology. We believe that Microlaser initiated ordnance offers a unique solution to the bridgewire safety concerns. For this presentation, we will address, from a system safety viewpoint, the safety design and the test requirements for a Microlaser ordnance system. We will also review how this system could be compliant to MIL-STD-1576 and DOD-83578A and the additional necessary requirements

Compliant Metal Enhanced Convection Cooled Reverse-Flow Annular Combustor

A joint Army/NASA program was conducted to design, fabricate, and test an advanced, reverse-flow, small gas turbine combustor using a compliant metal enhanced (CME) convection wall cooling concept. The objectives of this effort were to develop a design method (basic design data base and analysis) for the CME cooling technique and tben demonstrate its application to an advanced cycle, small, reverse-flow combustor with 3000 F (1922 K) burner outlet temperature (BOT). The CME concept offers significant improvements in wall cooling effectiveness resulting in a large reduction in cooling air requirements. Therefore, more air is available for control of burner outlet temperature pattern in addition to the benefit of improved efficiency, reduced emissions, and smoke levels. Rig test results demonstrated the benefits and viability of the CME concept meeting or exceeding the aerothermal performance and liner wall temperature characteristics of similar lower temperature-rise combustors, achieving 0.15 pattern factor at 3000 F (1922 K) BOT, while utilizing approximately 80 percent less cooling air than conventional, film-cooled combustion systems

Experimental Combustion Dynamics Behavior of a Multi-Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Gas Turbine Combustor

An experimental investigation of the combustion dynamic characteristics of a research multi-element lean direct injection (LDI) combustor under simulated gas turbine conditions was conducted. The objective was to gain a better understanding of the physical phenomena inside a pressurized flametube combustion chamber under acoustically isolated conditions. A nine-point swirl venturi lean direct injection (SV-LDI) geometry was evaluated at inlet pressures up to 2,413 kPa and non-vitiated air temperatures up to 867 K. The equivalence ratio was varied to obtain adiabatic flame temperatures between 1388 K and 1905 K. Dynamic pressure measurements were taken upstream of the SV-LDI, in the combustion zone and downstream of the exit nozzle. The measurements showed that combustion dynamics were fairly small when the fuel was distributed uniformly and mostly due to fluid dynamics effects. Dynamic pressure fluctuations larger than 40 kPa at low frequencies were measured at 653 K inlet temperature and 1117 kPa inlet pressure when fuel was shifted and the pilot fuel injector equivalence ratio was increased to 0.72

Insights into the electrophysiology study versus electrocardiographic monitoring trial: Its programmed stimulation protocol may introduce bias when assessing long-term antiarrhythmic drug therapy

AbstractObjectives. We hypothesized that if the Electrophysiology Study Versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring (ESVEM) trial programmed stimulation protocol misclassified some drug trials as effective, then the misclassification rate would be proportionally greater for drugs other than sotalol.Background. In the ESVEM trial, patients treated with sotalol had fewer arrhythmic recurrences than those treated with other antiarrhythmic drugs despite similar efficacy predictions during electrophysiologic testing.Methods. We retrospectively compared the standard programmed stimulation protocol used at Case Western Reserve University, which used three extrastimuli during all follow-up studies, with the ESVEM protocol in 176 antiarrhythmic drug trials: sotalol (n = 54), procainamide (n = 73) and quinidine/mexiletine (n = 49).Results. Predictions of efficacy were higher in the sotalol trials (14 of 54 standard, 20 of 54 ESVEM) than in procainamide trials (7 of 73 standard, 14 of 73 ESVEM) or quinidine/mexiletine trials (1 of 49 standard, 7 of 49 ESVEM). Thus, the two protocols classified 19 of 176 trials differently: not effective by the standard protocol but effective by the ESVEM trial. Discordant predictions of drug efficacy constituted a smaller proportion of ESVEM protocol efficacy predictions for sotalol (6 [30%] of 20) than for the other drugs (13 [62%] of 21, p ⩽ 0.05).Conclusions. In the present study, the ESVEM programmed stimulation protocol predicted efficacy more often than the standard protocol. Discordant predictions represented a smaller portion of efficacy predictions for sotalol than for the other drugs. Thus, in the ESVEM trial, the superior long-term follow-up observed in patients assigned to sotalol may have been an artifact of the stimulation protocol utilized by the ESVEM investigators

Development of a Dynamic Investment Strategy under Alternative Inflation Cycle Scenarios

Inflation and inflation cycles have been a major underlying reason for the financial successes and failures of real estate investors in recent history. These cycles have complex impacts on cash flow variables and thus on real estate returns and investment values. This study presents a decision framework and operational model to project investment returns for alternative inflation cycle scenarios and demonstrates their application for developing a dynamic real estate investment strategy. Such a strategy provides for portfolio revisions during different stages of the inflation cycle and assumes that investors seek to maximize expected "real" rates of return and hence owner's wealth. A probabilistic discounted cash flow model is designed and used to inflation-adjust each cash flow variable affected. Mathematical relationships are developed for specifying unique cash flow variable linkages and sensitivities, with lead and lag periods consistent with empirical evidence of timing of inflation impacts. Finally strategic implications for acquisition and disposition policy are discussed.

Thermochemistry of Calcium-Magnesium-Aluminum-Silicate (CMAS) and Components of Advanced Thermal and Environmental Barrier Coating Systems

There is increasing interest in the degradation mechanism studies of thermal and environmental barrier coatings (TEBCs) of gas turbines by molten CaO-MgO-Al(exp. 2)O(exp. 3)-SiO(exp. 2) CMAS). CMAS minerals are usually referred as silicon-containing sand dust and volcano ash materials that are carried by the intake air into gas turbines, e.g. in aircraft engines, and their deposits often react at high temperatures (greater than 1200 degrees C) with the engine turbine coating systems and components. The high temperature reactions causes degradation and accelerated failure of the static and rotating components of the turbine engines. We discuss some results of the reactions between the CMAS and Rare-Earth (RE = Y, Yb, Dy, Gd, Nd and Sm) - oxide stabilized ZrO(exp. 2) or HfO(exp. 2) systems, and the stability of the resulting oxides and silicates. Plasma sprayed hollow tube samples (outside diameter = 4.7 mm, wall thickness = 0.76 mm and = 26 mm height) were half filled with CMAS powder, wrapped and sealed with platinum foil, and heat treated at 1310 degrees C for 5h. Samples were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction, and cross-section electron microscopy analysis and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that CMAS penetrated the samples at the grain boundaries and dissolved the TEBC materials to form silicate phases containing the rare-earth elements. Furthermore, it was found that apatite crystalline phases were formed in the samples with total rare-earth content higher than 12 mol% in the reaction zone for the ZrO(exp. 2) system. In general, samples with the nominal compositions (30YSZ), HfO(exp. 2)-7Dy(exp. 2)O(exp. 2) and ZrO(exp. 2)-9.5Y(exp. 2)O(exp. 3)-2.25Gd(exp. 2)O(exp. 3)-2.25Yb(exp. 2)O(exp. 3) exhibited lower reactivity or more resistance to CMAS than the other coating compositions of this work