Impacto da Personalidade Proativa na Criatividade dos Funcionários Radicais e Incrementais: Uma Perspectiva Interacionista

Building upon the recent re-conceptualization of creativity as a multi-dimensional phenomenon and the Interactionist Theory of Creativity; this study attempts to examine and test the relationship of proactive personality with the two distinct forms of creativity; incremental and radical creativity, with employee engagement as mediator and organizational climate for creativity as moderator. This is crucial because treating creativity as a uni-dimensional construct does not give a true picture of the relationships and several previous studies have given inconclusive results due to this reason. Demarcating creativity as having distinct dimensions also allows the organizations to better plan, hire and manage their workforce according to the nature of jobs requiring different forms of creativity. A survey of 277 employees working in creative departments of advertising agencies in Rawalpindi/Islamabad (Pakistan) was conducted on a time lag basis. SPSS and Process Macro by Preacher and Hayes were used to test the hypotheses. The results of the study supported 5 out of 7 proposed hypotheses. The relationship of proactive personality is found to be significantly stronger with radical creativity than with incremental creativity while employee engagement proved to be a significant mediator between proactive personality and radical creativity only, and organizational climate for creativity significantly but negatively moderated the relationship between proactive personality and employee engagement. The findings are a significant addition to the existing body of literature on employee creativity. The paper also highlights future recommendations for research followed by implications of the findings.Sobre la base de la reciente re-conceptualización de la creatividad como un fenómeno multidimensional y la Teoría de la Creatividad Interaccionista; este estudio intenta examinar y probar la relación de la personalidad proactiva con las dos formas distintas de creatividad; Creatividad incremental y radical, con el compromiso de los empleados como mediador y el clima organizacional para la creatividad como moderador. Esto es crucial porque tratar la creatividad como una construcción unidimensional no proporciona una imagen real de las relaciones y varios estudios anteriores han dado resultados no concluyentes debido a esta razón. La demarcación de la creatividad por tener distintas dimensiones también permite a las organizaciones planificar, contratar y administrar mejor su fuerza laboral de acuerdo con la naturaleza de los trabajos que requieren diferentes formas de creatividad. Se realizó una encuesta a 277 empleados que trabajaban en departamentos creativos de agencias de publicidad en Rawalpindi / Islamabad (Pakistán) en una base de retraso. Se usaron SPSS y Process Macro de Preacher y Hayes para probar las hipótesis. Los resultados del estudio apoyaron 5 de las 7 hipótesis propuestas. La relación de la personalidad proactiva es significativamente más fuerte con la creatividad radical que con la creatividad incremental, mientras que el compromiso de los empleados demostró ser un mediador significativo entre la personalidad proactiva y la creatividad radical únicamente, y el clima organizacional para la creatividad moderó de manera significativa pero negativa la relación entre la personalidad proactiva y compromiso de los empleados. Los hallazgos son una adición significativa al cuerpo de literatura existente sobre la creatividad de los empleados. El documento también destaca las recomendaciones futuras para la investigación, seguidas de las implicaciones de los resultados.Com base na recente reconceitualização da criatividade como um fenômeno multidimensional e da Teoria Interacionista da Criatividade; este estudo tenta examinar e testar a relação da personalidade proativa com as duas formas distintas de criatividade; criatividade incremental e radical, com o envolvimento dos funcionários como mediador e clima organizacional para a criatividade como moderadora. Isto é crucial porque tratar a criatividade como um constructo unidimensional não dá uma imagem verdadeira das relações e vários estudos anteriores deram resultados inconclusivos devido a esta razão. Demarcar a criatividade como tendo dimensões distintas também permite que as organizações planejem, contratem e gerenciem melhor sua força de trabalho de acordo com a natureza dos trabalhos que exigem diferentes formas de criatividade. Uma pesquisa com 277 funcionários trabalhando em departamentos de criação de agências de publicidade em Rawalpindi / Islamabad (Paquistão) foi realizada com base no tempo de espera. O SPSS e o Process Macro de Preacher e Hayes foram usados para testar as hipóteses. Os resultados do estudo apoiaram 5 das 7 hipóteses propostas. O relacionamento da personalidade proativa é significativamente mais forte com a criatividade radical do que com a criatividade incremental, enquanto o envolvimento dos funcionários provou ser um mediador significativo entre a personalidade proativa e a criatividade radical, e o clima organizacional para a criatividade moderou significativamente a relação entre personalidade proativa e envolvimento dos funcionários. Os resultados são um acréscimo significativo ao corpo de literatura existente sobre a criatividade dos funcionários. O artigo também destaca as recomendações futuras para pesquisa, seguidas pelas implicações dos resultados

Prevalance of Premenstrual Syndrome Among Women of Pakistan

Objectives: To find out the prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome amongst women of Pakistan Materials and Methods: A cross sectional self reported survey was conducted from 1st August 2011 till 31st January 2012 by collecting data from different cities that is Islamabad , Quetta , Karachi , Multan , Hyderabad. 382 participants from various hospitals, universities, colleges, shopping malls filled up a self administered closed ended questionnaire designed on DSM IV.11 premenstrual syndrome symptoms based on occurrence and severity were used for diagnosis. If 4 of them were positive then a female was labeled to be suffering from Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Results: The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was 191(55%). The ascending order of prevalence of symptoms occurring in PMS was depression, tension, labile mood, bloating, swollen breast and headache. Conclusion: Premenstrual syndrome is a common problem in women of reproductive age group. There is a need for simple diagnostic methods for early detection. Social media and physicians should provide education to reduce its prevalence and improve the quality of life in the affected female

Standardni jezik i standardne riječi

Background Bariatric surgery reduces cardiovascular events and mortality risk in obese individuals. However, it is unclear whether diabetes modifies this effect. This study examined mortality, cardiovascular, and cancer risk following bariatric surgery in adults with and without pre‐existing diabetes. Methods Using mortality‐linked Hospital Episodes Statistics (2006‐14) from England, the risk of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, heart failure, and cancer following bariatric surgery was examined; the risk of death in people undergoing surgery was also compared with mortality rates of the general population. Results Of the 35 887 people undergoing bariatric surgery, 9175 (25.6%) had pre‐existing diabetes. During a mean follow‐up of 5.3 years, 801 people died, of whom 293 (36.6%) had pre‐existing diabetes. The risk of all‐cause mortality was 26% higher in people with than without diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08‐1.46), whereas the risk of cancer was 21% higher (aHR 1.21; 95% CI 1.14‐1.77). The risk of cardiovascular events was higher for patients with than without diabetes (aHRs [95% CIs] 2.08 [1.42‐3.05], 1.80 [1.29‐2.52], 1.61 [1.18‐2.19], and 1.42 [1.14‐1.77] for myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke, and heart failure, respectively). Compared with the general population, the age‐standardized mortality rate ratio was 1.70 (1.52‐1.91) and 1.35 (1.23‐1.48) in people with and without pre‐existing diabetes, respectively. Conclusions For patients with pre‐existing diabetes, the risk of death, cardiovascular events, and cancer after bariatric surgery was higher than for those without diabetes, whose mortality risk after surgery remains 35% higher than that of the general population

Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990-2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was 1·94 (1·76–2·12). No regions met suggested thresholds for progress. Interpretation: Sub-Saharan Africa had both the highest HIV burden and the greatest progress between 1990 and 2019. The number of incident cases and deaths in males and females approached parity in 2019, although there remained more females with HIV than males with HIV. Globally, the HIV epidemic is far from the UNAIDS benchmarks on progress metrics. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation