Kecekapan Bermatematik Dalam Reka Bentuk Untuk Keperluan Industri.

Dengan tahap kecekapan kompuler yang tinggi serta pirisiannya yang canggih telah banyak mbmbantu pereka bagi mereka bentuk produk barangan buatan dalam industri masa kini

Penggredan pada ruang topologi kabur

Hazra et al. introduced a new definition of fuzzy topology via the gradation of openness (closedness) for fuzzy subset of X and studied the gradation preserving map. In this paper, we further study the concepts of induced gradation, gradation contraction map, gradation expansion map, gradation fixing map and the gradation preserving map on a fuzzy topological space

Solving problems of uncertain data using fuzzy B-spline

The construction of a geometric model in Computer Aided Geometrical Design (CAGD) with uncertain data points are difficult and challenging. In this paper, the construction of a fuzzy B-spline model as a mathematical representation for the curve of uncertain data using fuzzy control points and deffuzified control points is discussed. Cubic fuzzy B-spline or defuzzified B-spline curve for uncertainty data problems will be described using the cubic fuzzy B-spline approximation methods which are defined through fuzzy and defuzzification control points. For solving uncertain data, a method of fuzzification and defuzzification of component fuzzy (defuzzify) data point together with their model was introduced. For testing the effectiveness of the model, several examples of curve simulation of the given data are also discussed

Penyelesaian masalah data ketakpastian menggunakan splin-b kabur(Solving problems of uncertain data using fuzzy b-spline)

The construction of a geometric model in Computer Aided Geometrical Design (CAGD) with uncertain data points are difficult and challenging. In this paper, the construction of a fuzzy B-spline model as a mathematical representation for the curve of uncertain data using fuzzy control points and deffuzified control points is discussed. Cubic fuzzy B-spline or defuzzified B-spline curve for uncertainty data problems will be described using the cubic fuzzy B-spline approximation methods which are defined through fuzzy and defuzzification control points. For solving uncertain data, a method of fuzzification and defuzzification of component fuzzy (defuzzify) data point together with their model was introduce (Pembinaan model geometri berbantukan komputer (CAGD) dengan titik data yang mempunyai ketakpastian adalah sukar dan mencabar. Dalam kertas ini, pembinaan model splin-B kabur sebagai perwakilan matematik bagi lengkung dengan data ketakpastian menggunakan titik kawalan kabur dan titik kawalan penyahkaburan dibincangkan. Lengkung splin-B kabur atau splin-B penyahkaburan kubik untuk masalah data ketakpastian akan diperihalkan dengan menggunakan kaedah penghampiran splin-B kubik yang ditakrif menerusi titik kawalan kabur dan titik kawalan penyahkaburan. Bagi menyelesaikan masalah mengenai titik data ketakpastian pula, kaedah pengkaburan dan penyahkaburan titik data berkomponen kabur (penyahkaburan) beserta modelnya diperkenalkan. Bagi menguji tahap keberkesanan model, beberapa contoh lengkung simulasi data tersebut juga dibincangkan. Kata kunci: Data ketakpastian; penyahkaburan; splin-B kabur; titik kawalan kabur

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially