Breeding for Resistance to Infectious Diseases in Small Ruminants

Livestock Production/Industries,

Resistance to nematode parasites in Merino sheep: Correlation with production traits

Merino sheep representing a range of bloodlines in resource flocks located across Australia were tested for resistance to gastro-intestinal nematodes. These flocks included the JB Pye Flock (Camden, NSW), Katanning Base Flock (Katanning, WA), Turretfield Merino Resource Flock (Rosedale, SA), and the CSIRO Finewool Flock (Armidale, NSW) and included a total of 328 sire groups. Resistance to nematodes was measured by faecal egg count (FEC). Data were also available for greasy and clean fleece weight (GFW and CFW, respectively), fibre diameter (FD), and body weight (BW) at a range of ages from weaning to 21 months. Variance components were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood, fitting an animal model and estimating covariances in a series of bivariate analyses. Phenotypic correlations between FEC0·33 and production traits were all close to zero ( –0·09–0·02). Genetic correlations between FEC0·33 and production traits were –0·20, –0·18, and –0·26 for weaning weight, 10-month BW, and 16-month BW, respectively; 0·21, –0·06, and 0·21 for 10-month GFW, 16-month GFW, and 21-month GFW; 0·21, –0·05, and 0·07 for 10-month CFW, 16-month CFW, and 21-month CFW; and –0·09, –0·12, and 0·04 for 10-month FD, 16-month FD, and 21-month FD. When estimates were pooled for all fleece traits and all BW traits, the genetic correlations between FEC0·33 and GFW, CFW, FD, and BW were 0·15, 0·10, –0·06, and –0·21, respectively. Using pooled estimates for CFW, FD, and BW, selection for a breeding objective based on production traits alone would lead to an unfavourable correlated response in FEC0·33 of approximately 1% per year

Resistance to endoparasites in small ruminants: Genetic considerations

This paper focusses on within-breed genetic variation in resistance to endoparasites in the Australian Merino. It stresses possible differences in the Merino resistance, simply because of different history of management. The Australian Merino was introduced into Australia 200 years ago. It has almost entirely developed in that environment, i.e., it has been exposed to different methods of parasite control drenching, and there has been very little natural selection for resistance in this breed over recent years. However, the Australian Merino has been studied for over 20 years for genetic variation in parasite resistance. Genetic variation in resistance to endoparasites has been studied in five flocks in Armidale, and on flocks in New Zealand and Fiji. They were assessed using faecal egg count following artificial infection. The first flock includes lines of medium-wool peppins, and the others are based on fine and fine-medium Merinos. The work with these flocks showed that the heritability of resistance to endoparasites is measurable and that resistance is not genetically correlated with such production traits as fertility, body weight, fibre diameter and wool weight

Prospects of breeding small ruminants for resistance to internal parasites

Resistance to nematode parasites can be improved by selection, but efforts to include appropriate traits in commercial livestock breeding programs are only a recent development. Procedures for including resistance in breeding programs are similar to those involving other traits. The steps are described with special reference to sheep, and areas are highlighted where particular considerations exist. Three approaches are described and contrasted: breeding for resistance (reduced parasite numbers, as determined by faecal worm egg count); resilience (production during parasitism); or number of treatments required during parasitism. It is necessary, but difficult, to assess the economic benefits of improving resistance relative to other traits. Disease costs vary widely depending on the prevalence of the disease and on the availability, effectiveness and sustainability of alternative control measures. Costs of treatment and control are relatively simple to estimate for a given situation, but production losses are more difficult. Methods of dealing with this problem are discussed. Breeding for disease resistance usually requires that either selection candidates, or their relatives, are exposed to the pathogen so that resistance levels can be compared. Parasitic diseases generally create no special ethical problems in a breeding program unless natural challenge levels are insufficient to enable discrimination between hosts in their susceptibility. In the longer term, it is desirable that selection criteria for all major diseases be developed that will be informative in healthy animals. Molecular genetic markers offer promise, but simple genetic markers have so far been as elusive as physiological traits to predict resistance in undiseased animals. In the longer term, useful genetic markers will be found and techniques for combining these with phenotypic information need to be developed. Commercial breeding programes for sheep which include resistance to gastrointestinal roundworms are now operating in Australia and New Zealand, and issues related to breeding in the tropics are discussed

Control of bovine gastrointestinal nematode parasites using pellets of the nematode-trapping fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium Controle de nematóides parasitos gastrintestinais de bovinos com pellets do fungo predador de nematóides Monacrosporium thaumasium

The viability of a formulation of the fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium associated with ivermectin was evaluated for the biological control of bovine gastrointestinal nematode parasites. Four groups of five calves each were placed in pastures with a stocking rate of 1.6 animal/hectare. In group 1 (control), the calves did not receive any treatment. In group 2, each animal received 20g of pellets of M. thaumasium orally twice a week during a six-month period that began with the onset of the rainy season (October 23, 2000). In group 3, each animal received 20g of pellets of M. thaumasium orally twice a week during the same period as 2, as well as two strategic treatments with ivermectin (200 mcg/kg) on May 10, 2001 and July 5, 2001. In group 4, the animals were treated with ivermectin alone as described for group 3. EPG counts for group 1 were significantly greater (P< 0.01) than those for groups 2 and 3 and the difference at the end of the study period was near 100%. The EPGs of group 4 animals remained high until the first strategic treatment with ivermectin. Values for groups 1 and 4 differed significantly (P< 0.05) from those of groups 2 and 3 from December 2000 onwards. It was concluded that the use of this dose and periodicity of application of M. thaumasium pellets makes the application of anthelminthic treatments unnecessary.<br>A viabilidade de uma formulação do fungo Monacrosporium thaumasium associada com ivermectina foi avaliada no controle biológico de nematóides parasitos gastrintestinais de bovinos. Quatro grupos de cinco bezerros foram colocados em pastagens com uma taxa de lotação de 1,6 animal/hectare. No grupo 1 (controle), os bezerros não receberam nenhum tratamento. No grupo 2, cada animal recebeu 20 g de pellets de M. thaumasium, via oral, duas vezes por semana e durante um período de seis meses que começou na estação chuvosa (23 de outubro, 2000). No grupo 3, cada animal recebeu 20g de pellets de M. thaumasium, via oral, duas vezes por semana e durante o mesmo período do grupo 2, assim como dois tratamentos estratégicos com ivermectina (200 mcg/kg) em 10 de maio de 2001 e em 5 de julho de 2001. No grupo 4, os animais foram tratados somente com ivermectina como descrito no grupo 3. As contagens de OPG dos animais do grupo 1 foram significativamente maiores (P< 0,01) do que os animais dos grupos 2 e 3 e a diferença no final do experimento foi próxima de 100%. Os OPGs dos animais do grupo 4 permaneceram altos até o primeiro tratamento estratégico com ivermectina. Os resultados do grupo 1 e 4 diferiram significativamente (P< 0,05) daqueles dos grupos 2 e 3 a partir de dezembro de 2000. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de pellets de M. thaumasium nesta dosagem e periodicidade de aplicação tornaram os tratamentos anti-helmínticos desnecessários

The role of oxidative stress in small ruminants' health and production O papel do estresse oxidativo na saúde e produção de pequenos ruminantes

This paper examines the role that oxidative stress plays in small ruminant medicine. We will examine how redox homeostasis is involved in some physiological functions and we will discuss the implications of the impairment of oxidative status on small ruminant health and production.<br>Este artigo analisa o papel do estresse oxidativo sobre a medicina de pequenos ruminantes. Será examinado o envolvimento da homeostase redox em algumas funções fisiológicas e discutidas as implicações do comprometimento do estado oxidativo sobre a saúde ea produção de pequenos ruminantes