12 research outputs found

    Evaluating alternate models to estimate genetic parameters of calving traits in United Kingdom Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The focus in dairy cattle breeding is gradually shifting from production to functional traits and genetic parameters of calving traits are estimated more frequently. However, across countries, various statistical models are used to estimate these parameters. This study evaluates different models for calving ease and stillbirth in United Kingdom Holstein-Friesian cattle.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data from first and later parity records were used. Genetic parameters for calving ease, stillbirth and gestation length were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method, considering different models i.e. sire (−maternal grandsire), animal, univariate and bivariate models. Gestation length was fitted as a correlated indicator trait and, for all three traits, genetic correlations between first and later parities were estimated. Potential bias in estimates was avoided by acknowledging a possible environmental direct-maternal covariance. The total heritable variance was estimated for each trait to discuss its theoretical importance and practical value. Prediction error variances and accuracies were calculated to compare the models.</p> <p>Results and discussion</p> <p>On average, direct and maternal heritabilities for calving traits were low, except for direct gestation length. Calving ease in first parity had a significant and negative direct-maternal genetic correlation. Gestation length was maternally correlated to stillbirth in first parity and directly correlated to calving ease in later parities. Multi-trait models had a slightly greater predictive ability than univariate models, especially for the lowly heritable traits. The computation time needed for sire (−maternal grandsire) models was much smaller than for animal models with only small differences in accuracy. The sire (−maternal grandsire) model was robust when additional genetic components were estimated, while the equivalent animal model had difficulties reaching convergence.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>For the evaluation of calving traits, multi-trait models show a slight advantage over univariate models. Extended sire models (−maternal grandsire) are more practical and robust than animal models. Estimated genetic parameters for calving traits of UK Holstein cattle are consistent with literature. Calculating an aggregate estimated breeding value including direct and maternal values should encourage breeders to consider both direct and maternal effects in selection decisions.</p

    Jalostettavien ominaisuuksien sekÀ residuaalisen syönnin taloudelliset arvot suomalaisessa maidontuotannossa

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    Tehostamalla lypsykarjan rehun hyvĂ€ksikĂ€yttökykyĂ€ on mahdollista parantaa maidontuotannon taloudellista kannattavuutta. TĂ€mĂ€n lisĂ€ksi elĂ€inten tehokas rehunkĂ€yttökyky vĂ€hentĂ€nee maidontuotannon ympĂ€ristöön kohdistamaa kuormittavuutta. Rehun hyvĂ€ksikĂ€ytön taloudellista merkitystĂ€ lypsylehmien jalostustavoitteessa tutkittiin johtamalla taloudelliset arvot nykyisille jalostettaville ominaisuuksille sekĂ€ residuaaliselle kuiva-ainesyönnille suomalaiselle ayrshirerodulle vuoden 2011 tuotanto-olosuhteissa. Taloudellisten arvojen laskenta perustui bio-ekonomiseen malliin. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin kahta tuotantostrategiaa vasikoille, joita ei tarvittu karjan uudistukseen: A) vasikat myytiin ternivasikoina lypsykarjatilalta ja B) vasikat kasvatettiin lypsykarjatilalla naudanlihantuotantoon. Vuoden 2011 tuotanto- ja markkinaolosuhteissa molemmat tuotantostrategiat tuottivat taloudellista tappiota, kun maataloustukia ei sisĂ€llytetty tuottoihin. Strategiassa A tappio oli -616,4 €/lehmĂ€/vuosi ja strategiassa B -962,1 €/lehmĂ€/vuosi. Kun maataloustuet sisĂ€llytettiin tuottoihin, molemmat tuotantostrategiat olivat taloudellisesti kannattavia, jolloin tuotto strategiassa A oli 163,4 €/lehmĂ€/vuosi ja strategiassa B 20,4 €/lehmĂ€/vuosi. Residuaalisen kuiva-ainesyönnin marginaaliseksi taloudelliseksi arvoksi saatiin hiehoilla -25,5 ja lehmillĂ€ -55,8 €/kg ka/pv lehmÀÀ kohti vuodessa. Vastaava marginaalinen taloudellinen arvo lihaksi kasvatettavien elĂ€inten residuaalisessa kuiva-ainesyönnissĂ€ oli -29,5 €/kg ka/pv lehmÀÀ kohti vuodessa. Ominaisuuksien taloudelliset arvot skaalattiin keskenÀÀn vertailukelpoisiksi kertomalla kunkin ominaisuuden taloudellinen arvo sen geneettisellĂ€ hajonnalla. Kun vertailtiin eri ominaisuuksien suhteellista osuutta kaikkien tarkasteltujen ominaisuuksien skaalatuista yhteenlasketuista taloudellisista arvoista, taloudellisesti tĂ€rkein ominaisuus oli 305-pĂ€ivĂ€n maitotuotos (34 % strategiassa A ja 29 % strategissa B) sekĂ€ toisiksi tĂ€rkein ominaisuus maidon proteiinipitoisuus (13 % strategiassa A ja 11 % strategiassa B). Taloudellisesti kolmanneksi tĂ€rkein ominaisuus oli poikimavĂ€li (9 %) tuotantostrategiassa A sekĂ€ aikuispaino (11 %) tuotantostrategiassa B. Vuoden 2011 tuotanto-olosuhteissa residuaalisen kuiva-ainesyönnin taloudellinen merkitys oli suhteellisen alhainen. Sen taloudellinen tĂ€rkeys lypsykarjan jalostustavoitteessa kuitenkin tulevaisuudessa todennĂ€köisesti kasvaa johtuen jatkuvasti lisÀÀntyvistĂ€ vaatimuksista vĂ€hentÀÀ maidontuotannon ympĂ€ristörasitetta

    Factors influencing the gross value added in the sheep production chain

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    The competitiveness of the sheep sector in East Europe has been decreasing from year to year. The value added in the sector is not generated in the countries as a high proportion of the lambs are exported. For example, in Hungary, 95% of the lambs, unnecessary for replacement, are sold at an average weight of 21 kg and are slaughtered abroad. A stochastic model was constructed to investigate the connections between the cycle phases of the mutton production. Three modules were distinguished, the lamb production, fattening and slaughtering-processing sub-modules. The aim of our study was to identify the gross value added generated in the three sub-modules and to analyse the main factors influencing its volume using the conditions in Hungary as an example. The major hypothesis of our research was that the profitability of the production chain is mainly determined by the breed. The results showed that, considering market prices, the gross value added in the processing module was mostly influenced by the number of lambs sold per ewe per year at the bottom level of the mutton product chain. The next most important factors were the weight gain in the lamb producing and fattening sub-modules and dressing percentage in slaughtering-processing sub-module. Contour plots were constructed which help to describe the relationship among analyzed factors. Using the contour plots, the gross value added for different combinations of these factors might be forecast

    Strategie a metodickĂĄ podpora udrĆŸenĂ­ a rozvoje zeleně v urbanizovanĂ©m prostoru

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    CĂ­lem projektu je zĂ­skat poznatky a Ășdaje o pƙírodnĂ­ch parcĂ­ch, vĂœznamnĂœch krajinnĂœch prvcĂ­ch (VKP) a ĂșzemnĂ­ch systĂ©mech ekologickĂ© stability (ÚSES) v urbanizovanĂ©m prostoru a na zĂĄkladě jejich kritickĂ©ho vyhodnocenĂ­ zpracovat typologii těchto nĂĄstrojĆŻ ze zĂĄkona 114/1992 Sb. Podle typologie a rozboru problĂ©mĆŻ pƙi vymezovĂĄnĂ­ ÚSES bude navrĆŸen soubor legislativnĂ­ch, ekonomickĂœch, sprĂĄvnĂ­ch a organizačnĂ­ch opatƙenĂ­ a nĂĄstrojĆŻ k usměrƈovĂĄnĂ­ rozvoje pƙírodnĂ­ch parkĆŻ, VKP i ÚSES v urbanizovanĂ©m prostoru. Projekt je vĂœrazně aplikačnĂ­, pro vyuĆŸitĂ­ obcemi
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