Variation in diosgenin level in seed kernels among different provenances of Balanites aegyptiaca Del (Zygophyllaceae) and its correlation with oil content

Balanites aegyptiaca (Zygopyllaceae) is a widely grown desert plant with multi-use potential. It is found in most of the African continent, the Middle East, and South Asia; however, this plant remains one of the most neglected plant species. Its seed kernel is used for oil extraction and the oil is used for human consumption and cosmetics. However, the oil cake is regarded as unsuitable for feeding because of the presence of many toxic substances. In this study, a spectrophotometric determination of diosgenin level and subsequent oil percentage analyses were carried out using the seed kernels of B. aegyptiaca collected from five Israeli provenances (Bet-Shean, Ein-gedi, Sapir, Samar, and Eilat) and five international locations (Burkina Faso, Senegal, Mali, Niger, and India). The results suggested that the sample from the Bet Shean Valley, which is considered the northern-most latitude where B. aegyptiaca naturally grows, contained the highest level of diosgenin as well as oil percentage; the Indian sample contained the lowest levels of both diosgenin and oil. The result also showed that there is a strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.849) between diosgenin level and oil percentage in the B. aegyptiaca seed kernel

Larvicidal effects of aqueous extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date) against the larvae of Culex pipiens mosquitoes

The effect of aqueous extracts of the fruit pulp, seed kernel, roots, bark, and leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca Del. (Zygophyllacea) against the larvae of the Culex pipens mosquito was investigated. Early fourth instars larvae of C. pipiens mosquitoes were exposed, for up to three days, to a dilution of 0, 0.1,0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% aqueous extracts of fruit pulp, seed kernel, roots, bark, and leaves. All tested extracts showed larval mortality, however, larval mortality was greatest with the aqueous root extract. The lowest concentration of root extract (0.1%) showed 100% larval mortality after three days, whereasa 0.5% concentration of aqueous bark extract was needed for 100% larval mortality. Aqueous extracts of leaf, fruit pulp, and seed kernel showed less larval mortality compared to the root and/or bark extracts. It is suggested that all parts of the B. aegyptiaca contain larvicidal properties that could bedeveloped and used as natural insecticides for mosquito control

Benefits and problems of electronic information exchange as perceived by health care professionals: an interview study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Various countries are currently implementing a national electronic patient record (n-EPR). Despite the assumed positive effects of n-EPRs, their overall adoption remains low and meets resistance from health care providers. This study aims to increase our understanding of health care providers' attitude towards the n-EPR, by investigating their perceptions of the benefits and problems of electronic information exchange in health care and the n-EPR in particular.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study was conducted in three Dutch health care settings: acute care, diabetes care, and ambulatory mental health care. Two health care organisations were included per setting. Between January and June 2010, interviews were conducted with 17 stakeholders working in these organisations. Relevant themes were deduced by means of thematic qualitative analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Health care providers perceived electronic information exchange to promote the efficiency and quality of care. The problems they perceived in electronic information exchange mainly concerned the confidentiality and safety of information exchange and the reliability and quality of patient data. Many problems perceived by health care providers did not specifically apply to the n-EPR, but to electronic information exchange in general.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The implementation of the Dutch n-EPR has mainly followed a top-down approach, thereby neglecting the fact that the perceptions and preferences of its users (health care providers) need to be addressed in order to achieve successful implementation. The results of this study provide valuable suggestions about how to promote health care providers' willingness to adopt electronic information exchange, which can be useful for other countries currently implementing an n-EPR. Apart from providing information about the benefits and usefulness of electronic information exchange, efforts should be focused on minimising the problems as perceived by health care providers. The safety and confidentiality of electronic information exchange can be improved by developing tools to evaluate the legitimacy of access to electronic records, by increasing health care providers' awareness of the need to be careful when using patient data, and by measures to limit access to sensitive patient data. Improving health care providers' recording behaviour is important to improve the reliability and quality of electronically exchanged patient data.</p

Mosquito larvicidal activities of Solanum villosum berry extract against the dengue vector Stegomyia aegypti

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vector control is facing a threat due to the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. Insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. Although several plants have been reported for mosquitocidal activity, only a few botanicals have moved from the laboratory to field use, because they are poorly characterized, in most cases active principals are not determined and most of the works are restricted to preliminary screening. <it>Solanum villosum </it>is a common weed distributed in many parts of India with medicinal properties, but the larvicidal activity of this plant has not been reported so far.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Aqueous and polar/non-polar solvent extract of fresh, mature, green berries of <it>S. villosum </it>was tested against <it>Stegomyia aegypti</it>, a common vector of dengue fever. A phytochemical analysis of chloroform:methanol extract was performed to search for the active toxic ingredient. The lethal concentration was determined (log probit analysis) and compared with Malathion. The chemical nature of the active substance was also evaluated following ultraviolet-visual (UV-Vis) and infrared (IR) analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In a 72 hour bioassay experiment with the aqueous extract, the highest mortality was recorded in 0.5% extract. When the mortality of different solvent extracts was compared, the maximum (<it>p </it>< 0.05) mortality was recorded at a concentration of 50 ppm of chloroform:methanol extract (1:1, v/v). The larvicidal activity was lower when compared with the chemical insecticide, Malathion (<it>p </it>< 0.05). Results of regression analysis revealed that the mortality rate (<it>Y</it>) was positively correlated with the period of exposure (<it>X</it>) and the log probit analysis (95% confidence level) recorded lowest value (5.97 ppm) at 72 hours of exposure. Phytochemical analysis of the chlororm:methanol extract reported the presence of many bioactive phytochemicals. Two toxic compounds were detected having <it>R</it>_f= 0.82 (70% and 73.33% mortality in 24 and 48 hours, respectively) and <it>R</it>_f= 0.95 (40% and 50% mortality in 24 and 48 hours, respectively). IR analysis provided preliminary information about the steroidal nature of the active ingredient.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p><it>S. villosum </it>offers promise as potential bio control agent against <it>S. aegypti </it>particularly in its markedly larvicidal effect. The extract or isolated bioactive phytochemical could be used in stagnant water bodies for the control of mosquitoes acting as vector for many communicable diseases.</p

An analysis-ready and quality controlled resource for pediatric brain white-matter research

We created a set of resources to enable research based on openly-available diffusion MRI (dMRI) data from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) study. First, we curated the HBN dMRI data (N = 2747) into the Brain Imaging Data Structure and preprocessed it according to best-practices, including denoising and correcting for motion effects, susceptibility-related distortions, and eddy currents. Preprocessed, analysis-ready data was made openly available. Data quality plays a key role in the analysis of dMRI. To optimize QC and scale it to this large dataset, we trained a neural network through the combination of a small data subset scored by experts and a larger set scored by community scientists. The network performs QC highly concordant with that of experts on a held out set (ROC-AUC = 0.947). A further analysis of the neural network demonstrates that it relies on image features with relevance to QC. Altogether, this work both delivers resources to advance transdiagnostic research in brain connectivity and pediatric mental health, and establishes a novel paradigm for automated QC of large datasets

Liquid-phase characterization of molecular interactions in polyunsaturated and n-fatty acid methyl esters by 1H low-field nuclear magnetic resonance.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T00:55:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Liquidphasecharacterizationofmolecularinteractionsinpolyunsaturatedandnfattyacidmethylestersby1Hlowfieldnuclearmagneticresonance..pdf: 699756 bytes, checksum: f7f5ea7ed7fba9c2b121d8e01727f299 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29bitstream/item/180828/1/Liquid-phase-characterization-of-molecular-interactions-in-polyunsaturated-and-n-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-by-1H-low-field-nuclear-magnetic-resonance..pd