O Grupo Pinhal na região nordeste do estado de São Paulo e áreas vizinhas do estado de Minas Gerais

The Pinhal Group is a very important lithostratigraphic unit that border the São Francisco Craton, in the NE of the State of São Paulo and SSW of the State of Minas Gerais, southern Brazil. The Pinhal and Socorro Complexes are the main granitic-migmatitic areas of this unit, including "migmatites forming granites", migmatites, "normal granites" and several medium to high grade metamorphic country rocks. The granitic suite include various equigranular and porphyroid types and porphyritic, pegmatitic and aplitic dikes. Geochronologic age determinations indicate their relation with "Brazilian Cycle" (Baikalian Cycle, of Upper Precambrian age); the country rocks belong to the Amparo Group (Middle Precambriam), which rocks underwent an intensive remobilization during the Brazilian Cycle. The "migmatites forming granites" are surrounded by an aureole of migmatites composed of 3 zones: the outer zone is formed by layered migmatites, the medium one by agmatitic and "schollen" migmatites; and the inner one by "schlieren", nebulitic and homophanic migmatites. The central granitic core is equigranular or porphyroid. The migmatitic aureole is frequently disturbed by faults, by "normal granite" instrusions or by the interference of adjacent aureoles; these disturbances lead to very complex (polyphasic) migmatites. Strong metassomatic phenomena affected the rocks of the Pinhal Group, at two distinct phases. The first one, of potassic character, in characterized by an intensive development of microcline mega-crystals; and the second one, of sodic nature, by the formation of pure albite. In each phase, distinct metassomatic pulsations have been observed, linked with the several intrusion and tectonic events which have affected the complexes which form megadiapirs of polydiapiric nature. The big granite plutons have arisen from the base of the sialic crust along "thermal channels" related to zones of tectonic weakness. During this slow ascension these bodies have undergone deep modifications (remobilization, subsolidus recrystalization, metasomatism, assimilation and fractional crystalization), without significative changes in their chemical character. From the regional point of view the Pinhal Group is correlated to the Serra dos Órgãos Group, in the Rio de Janeiro State. Economic geology in the investigated region is mainly related to pegmatites exploitation.O Grupo Pinhal é uma importante unidade litoestratigráfica, aflorante na região NE do Estado de São Paulo e SSW do Estado de Minas Gerais, no Brasil meridional. Os Complexos de Pinhal e Socorro são as principais áreas granítico-migmatíticas desta unidade, incluindo "granitos formadores de migmatitos", "granitos normais", migmatitos e vários tipos de metamorfitos regionais, de médio a alto grau de metamorfismo. O conjunto de rochas graníticas inclui diversos tipos equigranulares e porfiroides, bem como diques aplíticos, porfiríticos e pegmatíticos. A geocronologia indicou idades que relacionam essas rochas com o Ciclo Brasiliano (Ciclo Baikaliano, do Pré-Cambriano Superior); as rochas encaixantes pertencem ao Grupo Amparo (do Pré-Cambriano Médio), as quais sofreram uma intensa remobilização durante o Ciclo Brasiliano. Os "granitos formadores de migmatitos" sâo circundados por uma auréola de migmatitos, composta por três zonas: a externa é formada por migmatito acamado; a intermediária, por migmatitos agmatitico e "schollen", e a interna por migmatito do tipo "schlieren", nebulitico e homofânico. O núcleo granítico central é equigranular ou porfiroide. A auréola migmatítica é, com freqüência, perturbada por falhamentos, pela intrusão de "granitos normais" ou pela interferência de auréolas adjacentes; essas perturbações levam ao aparecimento de migmatitos complexos, polifásicos. Intensa atividade metassomática afetou as rochas do Grupo Pinhal, em duas dases distintas. A primeira, de natureza potássica, é caracterizada pelo abundante desenvolvimento de megacristais de microlina, e a segunda, de natureza sódica, pela formação de albita pura. Em cada uma dessas fases observou-se pulsações metassomáticas distintas, relacionadas com as diversas intrusões e eventos tectónicos que afetaram os complexos que constituem megadiápiros de natureza polidiapírica. Os grandes corpos graníticos plutônicos ascenderam, da base da crosta siálica, através de "canais térmicos" relacionados com zonas de fraqueza tectônica. Durante essa lenta ascensão, esses corpos sofreram profundas modificações (remobilizações, recristalização sub-sólida, metassomatismo, assimilação e cristalização fracionada). Do ponto de vista regional o Grupo Pinhal é correlacionável ao Grupo Serrados Órgãos, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os recursos econômicos na região investigada constituem-se essencialmente de material para construção civil e minerais de pegmatito

Possible effect of dietary phytase supplementation on broiler sodium requirement.

Projeto/Plano de Ação: 11.11.11.111

Phytase stability during pelleting of broiler feed.

Projeto/Plano de Ação: 11.11.11.111

A National and International Analysis of Changing Forest Density

Peer reviewe

Managing existing forests can mitigate climate change

Planting new forests has received scientific and political attention as a measure to mitigate climate change. Large, new forests have been planted in places like China and Ethiopia and, over time, a billion hectares could become available globally for planting new forests. Sustainable management of forests, which are available to wood production, has received less attention despite these forests covering at least two billion hectares globally. Better management of existing forests would improve forest growth and help mitigate climate change by increasing the forest carbon (C) stock, by storing C in forest products, and by generating wood-based materials substituting fossil C based materials or other CO2-emission-intensive materials. Some published research assumes a trade-off between the timber harvested from existing forests and the stock of C in those forest ecosystems, asserting that both cannot increase simultaneously. We tested this assumption using the uniquely detailed forest inventory data available from Finland, Norway and Sweden, hereafter denoted northern Europe. We focused on the period 1960 - 2017, that saw little change in the total area covered by forests in northern Europe. At the start of the period, rotational forestry practices began to diffuse, eventually replacing selective felling management systems as the most common management practice. Looking at data over the period we find that despite significant increases in timber and pulp wood harvests, the growth of the forest C stock accelerated. Over the study period, the C stock of the forest ecosystems in northern Europe increased by nearly 70%, while annual timber harvests increased at the about 40% over the same period. This increase in the forest C stock was close to on par with the CO2-emissions from the region (other greenhouse gases not included). Our results suggest that the important effects of management on forest growth allows the forest C stock and timber harvests to increase simultaneously. The development in northern Europe raises the question of how better forest management can improve forest growth elsewhere around the globe while at the same time protecting biodiversity and preserving landscapes.Peer reviewe

Managing existing forests can mitigate climate change

Planting new forests has received scientific and political attention as a measure to mitigate climate change. Large, new forests have been planted in places like China and Ethiopia and, over time, a billion hectares could become available globally for planting new forests. Sustainable management of forests, which are available to wood production, has received less attention despite these forests covering at least two billion hectares globally. Better management of existing forests would improve forest growth and help mitigate climate change by increasing the forest carbon (C) stock, by storing C in forest products, and by generating wood-based materials substituting fossil C based materials or other CO2-emission-intensive materials. Some published research assumes a trade-off between the timber harvested from existing forests and the stock of C in those forest ecosystems, asserting that both cannot increase simultaneously. We tested this assumption using the uniquely detailed forest inventory data available from Finland, Norway and Sweden, hereafter denoted northern Europe. We focused on the period 1960 - 2017, that saw little change in the total area covered by forests in northern Europe. At the start of the period, rotational forestry practices began to diffuse, eventually replacing selective felling management systems as the most common management practice. Looking at data over the period we find that despite significant increases in timber and pulp wood harvests, the growth of the forest C stock accelerated. Over the study period, the C stock of the forest ecosystems in northern Europe increased by nearly 70%, while annual timber harvests increased at the about 40% over the same period. This increase in the forest C stock was close to on par with the CO2-emissions from the region (other greenhouse gases not included). Our results suggest that the important effects of management on forest growth allows the forest C stock and timber harvests to increase simultaneously. The development in northern Europe raises the question of how better forest management can improve forest growth elsewhere around the globe while at the same time protecting biodiversity and preserving landscapes