Surface Electromyography of Eyes Potential Behaviour using Wavelet Transform Analysis

The previous study of eyes potential behavior was carried out using Fourier Transform which is found to be working on a single scale. Then, Wavelet Transform was proposed to overcome the limitation. Hence, the objective of this paper is to identify the surface electromyography of eye movement potentials behavior by using Wavelet Transform scalogram analysis. The eye movement signals are detected by using electrodes that are placed on a person’s forehead around the eye. It then recorded the signal using the data acquisition Electroencephalograph Neurofax-9200. The eye moved towards various directions involving 15 humans were identified. The Wavelet scalogram analyzed the eye movement signals by comparing the energy distribution with the change of time and frequency of each signal. The results proved that different surface electromyography of eye movement signals created different signals energy with their corresponding scales. Analysis of variance statistically proved that there was a 99% significance difference between each scale indicating that each eye movement has different frequency bands and energy distribution. These findings could be integrated to design a support machine for paralyzed people to move their robot or wheelchair by using eye movements. Future works should explore the energy and frequency bands distribution within four eye movement signals for better interpretation of surface Electromyography signals analysis by using Wavelet scalogram

Tinjauan Biografi-bibliografi Ibn Al-haytham

Ibn al-Haytham (w. 1038/9 M) lebih dikenal sebagai seorang saintis dan ahli matematika hingga saat ini. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau kembali posisinya diantara sarjana muslim melalui penyelidikan dan peninjauan lebih seksama terhadap sumber-sumber riwayat hidupnya dan karya-karyanya, untuk memperoleh gambaran yang lebih sesuai. Kaidah yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kaidah sejarah khususnya penyelidikan bio-bibliografi. Hasilnya, meskipun Ibn al-Haytham merupakan tokoh yang menonjol dalam sains dan matematika, tetapi sebenarnya Ibn al-Haytham merupakan seorang filsuf muslim yang menghasilkan karya dalam spektrum bidang keilmuan beragam. Satu-satunya karya yang banyak membahas segi filsafat ternyata masih dapat diperoleh saat ini yaitu Kitāb Thamarah al-Ḥikmah, yang memperkuat bukti bahwa ia bukan saja seorang saintis dan ahli matematika tetapi juga seorang filsuf muslim

Distance from the tourist trail and daylight condition affect the abundance of Mwanza flatheaded rock agama (Agama mwanzae) in Saanane National Park, Tanzania

For newly established protected areas, it is important to document the abundance, structure and distribution of the species within the landscape. Here we assessed the variation in total abundance as well as female, male and juvenile abundance of Mwanza flat-headed rock agama (Agama mwanzae) in Saanane National Park, Tanzania, in relation to daylight condition (sunny and non-sunny) and proximity to humans. Twenty-three points of 50-meter radius were randomly placed and thoroughly searched for A. mwanzae. Of 364individual Mwanza flat-headed rock agamas recorded, 85% were adults and 15% were juveniles. Among adults, 45% were males and 55% were females. Daylight condition was observed to affect total abundance and the abundance of females, males and juveniles of A.mwanzae, with higher abundance being in sunny periods as compared to non-sunny periods. Distance from the tourist trail was the best predictor for total abundance and the abundance of females and juveniles but not males, with abundance decreasing movingaway from the tourist trail. Therefore, we suggest these factors be considered when surveying agamas elsewhere. Keywords: daylight period; disturbance; human influence; tourist trail; landscape ecology; sunny perio

3-(3-Meth­oxy­benzo­yl)-1,1-diphenyl­thio­urea

The thiono and carbonyl groups in the title compound, C21H18N2O2S, adopt an anti disposition with respect to the central C—N bond. The diphenyl­amine rings are twisted relative to each other by a dihedral angle of 82.55 (10)°. The 3-meth­oxy­benzoyl fragment is twisted relative to one of the diphenyl­amine rings, forming a dihedral angle of 74.04 (9)°. In the crystal, pairs of inter­molecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers, forming columns parallel to the a axis

Preparation and Characterization Of Untreated Waste Palm Oil/Diesel Fuel Blend

Some diesel engines can run on some kinds of vegetable oil under some conditions without problems. To use vegetable oils in diesel engine without modification, it is necessary to make sure that the vegetable oils properties must be similar to diesel fuel. In this study, palm oil that has been used several times for frying purposes is investigated for the utilization as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The waste palm oil has a variety of qualities, possess properties different from that of neat oils. Higher impurities of the used oils make them different from neat vegetable oil. The high viscosity of the waste palm oil was decreased by blending with diesel. Two different previous uses of waste palm oil were blend with diesel. The blends of varying proportions of waste palm oil and diesel were prepared, analyzed and compared with diesel fuel and the waste palm oil ethyl ester. The properties of the blends such as heating value, viscosity, specific gravity, etc. were determined. It was found that blending waste palm oil with diesel reduces the viscosity and different previous uses of waste palm oil significantly affected the properties of the blended fuels. From the properties test results it has been established that blends containing 5 to 40% of waste palm oil in diesel yielded the properties closely matching that of diesel

Sorption potential of oil palm shell for the removal of chlorinated phenol from aqueous solution: Kinetic investigation

In this study, activated carbons (ACs) from oil palm shell (OPS) were prepared using the two-stage self-generated atmosphere method, comprising of a semi carbonization stage and a chemical activation stage, which were fixed at 300 oC and 500 oC respectively. The prepared adsorbents were tested in the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from aqueous solution. The samples were impregnated by varying the zinc chloride (ZnCl2 ) to precursor (OPS) ratio, after which, the final products, ACs, underwent several aspects of chemical and physical characterizations, i.e. percentage of yield, moisture content, ash content, pH, porosity, adsorption kinetics and isotherms (2,4-DCP) and surface chemistry of the adsorbent. The results indicated that the percentage of yield, moisture content and ash content had increased in proportional to the increase in ZnCl2 ratio. It was found that AC4, with the impregnation ration of 1:4 (OPS:ZnCl2 ) had the highest adsorption capacity of 26.40 mg/g. While the maximum Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of AC4 was found to be around 1020 m 2 /g. Adsorption studies indicated an increased in adsorption capacity in proportional to the increase in adsorbate initial concentration and adsorbent dosage, whereas a higher pH decreased the adsorption capacity. The adsorption isotherm of all the prepared ACs fitted well to the Langmuir model, while the sorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order, indicating that the adsorption was a single layer chemisorption process

Chlorinated phenol removal from aqueous media by tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf waste tailored activated carbon

In this study, activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from tea leaves by using a two-stage self-generated atmosphere method. The process was done by semi-carbonizing the precursor at 300 oC for 1 h, followed by the impregnation of the resulting char at 85 oC for 4 h and finally activation at 500 oC for 2 h. The semi-carbonised samples were impregnated with different ratios of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and their physicochemical effect was studied. The prepared ACs underwent several aspects of both, chemical and physical characterizations, such as the percentage of yield, moisture content, ash content, pH, porosity, adsorption capacity of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), surface area, porosity, morphology and surface chemistry studies. It was found that sample AC2, with an impregnation ratio of 2:1 was the best AC produced in this study. The maximum Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area of AC2 was found to be 695 m2/g. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models were used to examine the experimental isotherms while the kinetic data was analyzed using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models. The 2,4-DCP adsorption isotherm results complied well to the Langmuir isotherm for the equilibrium data while the adsorption kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second order model, indicating that chemisorption by valency forces via the sharing (covalent bond) or exchanging of electrons between the AC and the 2,4-DCP molecules were mainly responsible for the adsorption process. From these findings, it is concluded that tea leaves can be used as a low cost precursor for the removal of 2,4-DCP in aqueous medium