59 research outputs found

    Phaeocystis blooming enhanced by copepod predation on protozoa: evidence from incubation experiments

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    Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of protozoan, copepod and combined grazing on Phaeocystis biomass. Phaeocystis cf. globosa single cells were offered to 3 different protozoan species, to the calanoid copepod Temora longicornis, as well as to mixtures of both grazer types. The heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina and the oligotrich ciliate Strombidinopsis acuminatum ingested Phaeocystis at much higher rates than did the copepod. Nevertheless, protozoan growth and ingestion rates were submaximal, indicating Phaeocystis to be suboptimal food. The oligotrich ciliate Strombidium elegans did not feed on Phaeocystis. In grazing experiments with mixtures of both predator types, the decline of Phaeocystis single cells could be explained by protozoan grazing alone, implying no grazing by the copepods on Phaeocystis. Instead, copepods ingested the protozoans at high rates. Predation on 0. marina and S. acuminatum by T. longicornis resulted in a reduction of the total grazing pressure on Phaeocystis of 21 and 67 % respectively. We conclude that mesozooplankton predation on herbivorous ciliates and heterotrophic dinoflagellates, which consumed Phaeocystis cells, can considerably reduce the overall grazing pressure and may enhance Phaeocystis bloomng

    Extensive cross-disciplinary analysis of biological and chemical control of Calanus finmarchicus reproduction during an aldehyde forming diatom bloom in mesocosms

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    Egg and faecal pellet production and egg hatching success of the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus were monitored over a period of 14 days (14-28 April, 2008) while fed water from 4 differently treated mesocosms and ambient water. Two of the mesocosms used were inoculated with the polyunsaturated aldehyde (PUA)-producing diatom Skeletonema marinoi, while 2 received only nutrient additions with or without silica. The mesocosms developed blooms of S. marinoi, mixed diatoms or the haptophyte Phaeocystis pouchetii, respectively. Faecal pellet production of C. finmarchicus increased with increasing food availability. Egg production increased with time in all mesocosms to a maximum single female production of 232 eggs female(-1) day(-1) (average of 90 eggs female(-1) day(-1)) and followed the development of ciliates and P. pouchetii, but was not affected by the observed high (up to 15 nmol L(-1)) PUA production potential of the phytoplankton. The hatching success of the eggs produced on the mesocosm diets was high (78-96%) and was not affected by either aldehydes in the maternal diet or exposure to the dissolved aldehydes in the water

    Tracking seasonal changes in North Sea zooplankton trophic dynamics using stable isotopes

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    Trophodynamics of meso-zooplankton in the North Sea (NS) were assessed at a site in the southern NS, and at a shallow and a deep site in the central NS. Offshore and neritic species from different ecological niches, including Calanus spp., Temora spp. and Sagitta spp., were collected during seven cruises over 14 months from 2007 to 2008. Bulk stable isotope (SI) analysis, phospholipid-derived fatty acid (PLFA) compositions, and δ 13CPLFA data of meso-zooplankton and particulate organic matter (POM) were used to describe changes in zooplankton relative trophic positions (RTPs) and trophodynamics. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the RTPs of zooplankton in the North Sea vary spatially and seasonally, in response to hydrographic variability, with the microbial food web playing an important role at times. Zooplankton RTPs tended to be higher during winter and lower during the phytoplankton bloom in spring. RTPs were highest for predators such as Sagitta sp. and Calanus helgolandicus and lowest for small copepods such as Pseudocalanus elongatus and zoea larvae (Brachyura). δ 15NPOM-based RTPs were only moderate surrogates for animals’ ecological niches, because of the plasticity in source materials from the herbivorous and the microbial loop food web. Common (16:0) and essential (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) structural lipids showed relatively constant abundances. This could be explained by incorporation of PLFAs with δ 13C signatures which followed seasonal changes in bulk δ 13CPOM and PLFA δ 13CPOM signatures. This study highlighted the complementarity of three biogeochemical approaches for trophodynamic studies and substantiated conceptual views of size-based food web analysis, in which small individuals of large species may be functionally equivalent to large individuals of small species. Seasonal and spatial variability was also important in altering the relative importance of the herbivorous and microbial food webs

    The Rotterdam Study: 2016 objectives and design update

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    Breeding pelagic copepods

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    Stabiliteit van gezette steenbekledingen op havendammen, afleiding van een verbeterde toetsmethode voor de toplaag

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    In Zeeland zijn er vele havendammen die de primaire waterkering plaatselijk beschermen tegen grote golfaanval. Zelfs onder maatgevende omstandigheden zijn vele van deze dammen nog hoog genoeg om een belangrijke reducerende werking te hebben op de inkomende golven. Uiteraard kan de invloed van de golfreducerende werking van havendammen alleen in rekening gebracht worden in de veiligheidstoetsing, als de havendam en de daarop aanwezige steenzetting in stand blijven onder de maatgevende omstandigheden. Daarom is in 2002 een eenvoudige (conservatieve) toetsmethode voor havendammen ontwikkeld (Klein Breteler 2002). In dit onderzoek is een nieuwe toetsmethode ontwikkeld, op basis van resultaten van kleinschalige modelproeven in de Scheldegoot en Zsteen-berekeningen. Tijdens dit kleinschalige modelonderzoek zijn 4 havendam-configuraties getest waarbij drukken zijn gemeten op de kruin, het binnentalud en op de binnenberm. Deze gemeten drukken zijn gebruikt als invoer voor het rekenmodel Zsteen, waarmee vervolgens het stijghoogteverschil over de toplaag en de blokbeweging berekend is. GeoDelft heeft deze berekeningen uitgevoerd en heeft hiervoor Zsteen aangepast zodat het programma geschikt werd voor het doorrekenen van havendammen. De resultaten van deze Zsteen berekeningen zijn samen met de beschikbare Deltagootresultaten gebruikt voor het aanpassen van de toetsmethode. Met een theoretische beschouwing is de invloed van oneffenheden (uitstekende stenen in het taludoppervlak) bepaald. Een praktische methode voor het beoordelen van de stabiliteit van uitstekende stenen is toegevoegd aan de toetsmethode. Aansluitend zijn grootschalige verificatieproeven uitgevoerd in de Deltagoot, om de toetsmethode te kunnen controleren. Deze grootschalige proeven zijn uitgevoerd voor één configuratie met verschillende waterstand-golfhoogte combinaties. De toetsmethode blijkt goed overeen te komen met de resultaten uit het Deltagootonderzoek. In dit verslag zijn ook de resultaten opgenomen van de aanvullende studie van mei 2005 (contract ZLAO 35050044 van 22 maart 2005).Steenzettinge

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