APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL DYNAMIC TESTS IN THE LATE POSTOPERATIVE PHASE AFTER ACL-SURGERY FOR THE EVALUATION OF KINEMATIC AND NEUROMUSCULAR PARAMETERS

Functional dynamic tests have been developed for the evaluation of neuromuscular deficits In the late postoperative phase (1 year) after knee ligament surgery. Eight patients after ACI.surgery and 10 controls performed two different tests: 1) One-legged drop jumps from a height of 17cm. 2).Descending a stair from a height of 40cm. For the drop jumps contact time, flight time, maximal knee joint angle, range of motion and knee angle speeds were recorded as kinematic parameters. For the stairs maximal knee joint angle, range of motion and knee angle speed for the excentric phase were determined. The kinematic data was used to subdivide the movement into single phases (preinnervation, reflex induced activity, excentric, concentric (for the drop jumps)) for comparison of the determined parameters. For the knee extensor muscles the percentual integrated electrical activity of the knee extensor muscles (V.,medialis, V.lateralis, Rectus femor~sw) as calculated in relation to the normed total activity. The data of the M.biceps femoris, M.tibialis anterior and the medial head of the M.gastrocnemius was also integrated in relation to the determined movement phases. In the drop jump movement the patients showed significantly longer contact times (+60ms,

Free-space propagation of high dimensional structured optical fields in an urban environment

Spatially structured optical fields have been used to enhance the functionality of a wide variety of systems that use light for sensing or information transfer. As higher-dimensional modes become a solution of choice in optical systems, it is important to develop channel models that suitably predict the effect of atmospheric turbulence on these modes. We investigate the propagation of a set of orthogonal spatial modes across a free-space channel between two buildings separated by 1.6 km. Given the circular geometry of a common optical lens, the orthogonal mode set we choose to implement is that described by the Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) field equations. Our study focuses on the preservation of phase purity, which is vital for spatial multiplexing and any system requiring full quantumstate tomography. We present experimental data for the modal degradation in a real urban environment and draw a comparison to recognized theoretical predictions of the link. Our findings indicate that adaptations to channel models are required to simulate the effects of atmospheric turbulence placed on high-dimensional structured modes that propagate over a long distance. Our study indicates that with mitigation of vortex splitting, potentially through precorrection techniques, one could overcome the challenges in a real point-to-point free-space channel in an urban environment

Hybrid-Entanglement in Continuous Variable Systems

Entanglement is one of the most fascinating features arising from quantum-mechanics and of great importance for quantum information science. Of particular interest are so-called hybrid-entangled states which have the intriguing property that they contain entanglement between different degrees of freedom (DOFs). However, most of the current continuous variable systems only exploit one DOF and therefore do not involve such highly complex states. We break this barrier and demonstrate that one can exploit squeezed cylindrically polarized optical modes to generate continuous variable states exhibiting entanglement between the spatial and polarization DOF. We show an experimental realization of these novel kind of states by quantum squeezing an azimuthally polarized mode with the help of a specially tailored photonic crystal fiber

Strong, spectrally-tunable chirality in diffractive metasurfaces

The authors acknowledge the support of the Canada Excellence Research Chairs Program. P.B. acknowledges the support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.Metamaterials and metasurfaces provide a paradigm-changing approach for manipulating light. Their potential has been evinced by recent demonstrations of chiral responses much greater than those of natural materials. Here, we demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that the extrinsic chiral response of a metasurface can be dramatically enhanced by near-field diffraction effects. At the core of this phenomenon are lattice plasmon modes that respond selectively to the illumination’s polarization handedness. The metasurface exhibits sharp features in its circular dichroism spectra, which are tunable over a broad bandwidth by changing the illumination angle over a few degrees. Using this property, we demonstrate an ultra-thin circular-polarization sensitive spectral filter with a linewidth of ~10 nm, which can be dynamically tuned over a spectral range of 200 nm. Chiral diffractive metasurfaces, such as the one proposed here, open exciting possibilities for ultra-thin photonic devices with tunable, spin-controlled functionality.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Towards polarization-based excitation tailoring for extended Raman spectroscopy

Undoubtedly, Raman spectroscopy is one of the most elaborate spectroscopy tools in materials science, chemistry, medicine and optics. However, when it comes to the analysis of nanostructured specimens or individual sub-wavelength-sized systems, the access to Raman spectra resulting from different excitation schemes is usually very limited. For instance, the excitation with an electric field component oriented perpendicularly to the substrate plane is a difficult task. Conventionally, this can only be achieved by mechanically tilting the sample or by sophisticated sample preparation. Here, we propose a novel experimental method based on the utilization of polarization tailored light for Raman spectroscopy of individual nanostructures. As a proof of principle, we create three-dimensional electromagnetic field distributions at the nanoscale using tightly focused cylindrical vector beams impinging normally onto the specimen, hence keeping the traditional beam-path of commercial Raman systems. In order to demonstrate the convenience of this excitation scheme, we use a sub-wavelength diameter gallium-nitride nanostructure as a test platform and show experimentally that its Raman spectra depend sensitively on its location relative to the focal vector field. The observed Raman spectra can be attributed to the interaction with transverse and pure longitudinal electric field components. This novel technique may pave the way towards a characterization of Raman active nanosystems, granting direct access to growth-related parameters such as strain or defects in the material by using the full information of all Raman modes

Exotic looped trajectories of photons in three-slit interference

The validity of the superposition principle and of Born\u27s rule are well-accepted tenants of quantum mechanics. Surprisingly, it has been predicted that the intensity pattern formed in a three-slit experiment is seemingly in contradiction with the most conventional form of the superposition principle when exotic looped trajectories are taken into account. However, the probability of observing such paths is typically very small, thus rendering them extremely difficult to measure. Here we confirm the validity of Born\u27s rule and present the first experimental observation of exotic trajectories as additional paths for the light by directly measuring their contribution to the formation of optical interference fringes. We accomplish this by enhancing the electromagnetic near-fields in the vicinity of the slits through the excitation of surface plasmons. This process increases the probability of occurrence of these exotic trajectories, demonstrating that they are related to the near-field component of the photon\u27s wavefunction