Belawhar o Boyūḏasf. Pīšgoftār, namāye-hā va vīrāyeš : Moḥammad Rawšan, Tehrān, Mīrāṯ-e maktūb, Markaz-e beyn al-melalī-ye goftogū-ye tamaddon-hā, Zabān va adabīyāt-e fārsī 30, 1381/2002, lviii + 483 + iii p. [‘Alī b. Moḥammad Neẓām Tabrīzī (740-801 h.q.)]

Cette version, dans un style très orné, de l'histoire du Bouddha, dédiée, probablement entre 790/1388 et 800/1397-98, au Jalāyeride Solṭān Aḥmad, est peu connue. Pourtant elle fut déjà signalée en 1327/1948 par ʿA. A. Ḥekmat, et, en 1971, examinée et comparée aux autres versions du Moyen-Orient médiéval par Daniel Gimaret dans la préface de sa traduction d'une version arabe ancienne (Le Livre de Bilauhar et Būḏāsf selon la version arabe ismaélienne, pp. 43-47). Jusqu'ici deux manuscrits ont é..

Von Warschau nach New York. Die poetischen Passagen der Dichterin Kadya Molodowsky

1935 gelingt Molodowsky die Emigration von Warschau nach New York. Ihre Poesie verarbeitet schon von Beginn an Erfahrungen der Fremdheit und des Exils: 1920 bildet ihr Debüt den Auftakt für ein literarisches Werk, das eine enge Verbindung von religiöser Tradition und säkularer ‚yidishkayt‘ eingeht. Ihr Frühwerk thematisiert die Erfahrung von Armut und Antisemitismus, und auch diejenige von Frauen zwischen Emanzipation und Verbundenheit mit ihrer traditionellen Herkunft. Die in den USA entstandene Dichtung akzentuiert insbesondere die Schwellensituation der Immigranten: den Druck der Schmelztiegelgesellschaft, die jiddische Sprache als Trägerin von Tradition und Identität sowie den drohenden Verlust kollektiver Erinnerung durch eine Gesellschaftssituation, in der kulturelle wie sprachliche Differenzen allmählich eingeebnet werden.Molodowsky emigrated from Warsaw to New York in 1935. Her poetry evokes the experiences of estrangement and exile. Her poetic debut in 1920 already foreshadows a literary life-work which seeks to establish a close connection between religious tradition and secular ‚yidishkayt‘. Her earliest work also reflects social poverty and anti-Semitic terror, as well as the particular experiences affecting Jewish women, especially concerning the tensions they faced between the lure of emancipation and their religious family background. Molodowsky’s American work tends to highlight the threshold situation confronting recent immigrants, the impact of “the melting pot” on their lives and consciousness. At the same time it explores the impact of assimilation on the Yiddish language as a medium of tradition and identity, as well as the inevitable loss of collective memory by a society which tends to level both cultural and linguistic differences.  W roku 1935 udaje się Mołodowskiej wyemigrować z Warszawy do Nowego Jorku. Poezja jej od samego początku wyraża uczucie obcości i wygnania. Debiut literacki w roku 1920 jest początkiem twórczości ściśle związanej z religijną tradycją i świeckim ‚yidishkayt‘. Mołodowska tematyzuje doświadczenia ubóstwa i antysemityzmu oraz przeżycia żydowskich kobiet rozdartych pomiędzy emancypacją a ścisłym związkiem z religijną tradycją. Powstała w USA poezja Mołodowskiej akcentuje głównie niezwykle trudną sytuację imigrantów: presję wielonarodowej społeczności, język jidysz jako symbol tradycji i tożsamości oraz grożącą utratę zbiorowej pamięci, która prowadzi do stopniowego niwelowania różnic zarówno kulturowych, jak i językowych. &nbsp

Effect of heat and thermo-mechanical pre-treatments on hysteresis performance of force transducers

Yay elemanının yapısal özellikleri kuvvet dönüştürücülerinin  performans özelliklerini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, çok kullanılan bir yay elamanı malzemesi olan AISI 4340 çeliğine uygulanan farklı ısıl ve mekanik işlemler sonrası elde edilen iç yapısal özelliklerin kuvvet dönüştürücünün histerisiz performansına etkisini araştırmaya yöneliktir. Deney sonuçlarına göre, histerisiz hatasının malzemenin sertliğine paralel olarak iyileştiği, aynı sertlikteki beynitik yapının temperlenmiş martenzitik yapıya göre daha iyi performans gösterdiği, çevrimsel zorlama ile sert yapıda kötüleştiği, yumuşak yapılarda ise iyileştiği görülmüştür. Ön plastik şekil değişimi ile histerisiz hatasında iyileşme, ön sürünme uygulanması ile kötüleşme görüldüğü belirlenmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: AISI 4340 çeliği, kuvvet dönüştürücü, histerisiz hatası, termo-mekanik işlemler.Different mechanical and heat treatment processes can be applied on the spring element of a force transducer, in order to obtain good and satisfactory performance. The manufacturers are generally focused on the improvement of performance by applying different heat and mechanical treatments on spring material, and no information is in free circulation regarding the process-performance relationships of transducers due to tight competition in the market. Mechanical behavior of spring element of force transducers is playing a crucial role to obtain good performance in measurements. The application of different heat treatments changes the microstructure of spring material, which is very effective in the improvement of performance properties of force transducers such as hysteresis error and creep response. Present study covers the attempts of changing microstructure of AISI 4340 steel by using different heat and thermo mechanical treatments and measuring the performance of force transducers related with the structural properties of spring element. The measurement results have shown that; hysteresis characteristics were improved with increasing hardness of specimens, which were quenched and tempered only. Bainite has an advantage over tempered martensite at the same hardness level from hysteresis performance point of view. Prestraining has beneficial effects on the improvement of hysteresis characteristics, while pre-creep deformation has adverse effect. Cyclic stressing improved hysteresis properties only in soft structures.Keywords: AISI 4340 steel, force transducer, hysteresis error, thermo-mechanical treatments

The Latin Talmud and the extension of Papal jurisdiction over jews

This paper addresses the question of how the Latin translation of the Talmud, known as the Extractiones de Talmud (1245), is related to the changing perception of the Jews and in particular to the reassessment of their legal status during the thirteenth century. It draws particular attention to Pope Gregory IX's description of the Talmud as another law - an alia lex, as he called it - which challenged the traditional representation of the Jews as witnesses of the Christian truth, depicting them instead as heretics. This new perception of the Jews had far-reaching consequences for their legal status, for the popes used it to subject them to direct papal jurisdiction. To conclude, the question of whether the discovery of the Jewish 'Oral Law' can be considered the cause of this new representation of the Jews in the strict sense is addressed. It is argued that it may, conversely, have been the intended representation of the Jews as heretics, who could thus be subsumed under papal jurisdiction, which was instrumental in bringing to light and decrying this body of rabbinic wisdo