A systematic review of animal models for Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) osteomyelitis is a significant complication for orthopaedic patients undergoing surgery, particularly with fracture fixation and arthroplasty. Given the difficulty in studying S. aureus infections in human subjects, animal models serve an integral role in exploring the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis, and aid in determining the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic treatments. Animal models should mimic the clinical scenarios seen in patients as closely as possible to permit the experimental results to be translated to the corresponding clinical care. To help understand existing animal models of S. aureus, we conducted a systematic search of PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE to identify in vivo animal experiments that have investigated the management of S. aureus osteomyelitis in the context of fractures and metallic implants. In this review, experimental studies are categorised by animal species and are further classified by the setting of the infection. Study methods are summarised and the relevant advantages and disadvantages of each species and model are discussed. While no ideal animal model exists, the understanding of a model’s strengths and limitations should assist clinicians and researchers to appropriately select an animal model to translate the conclusions to the clinical setting

Carcinomas basocelulares: estudo clínico e anatomopatológico de 704 tumores Basal cell carcinomas: anatomopathological and clinical study of 704 tumors

FUNDAMENTOS: Este é um estudo retrospectivo e anatomopatológico de 704 carcinomas basocelulares de 623 pacientes, diagnosticados no período de 1991 a 1996, no setor de Dermatopatologia da Clínica Dermatológica do Hospital das Clínicas da UFPE e em um laboratório privado de dermatopatologia da cidade do Recife. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar aspectos clínicos e anatomopatológicos dos carcinomas basocelulares diagnosticados nos dois serviços da região de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Para o estudo clínico, os dados foram retirados dos prontuários e para o estudo anatomopatológico, macro e microscópicos, foram feitas revisão dos preparados histológicos. Para o crescimento vertical empregaram-se métodos baseados nas técnicas histoprognósticas de Clark e Breslow, aplicadas ao melanoma maligno. RESULTADOS: Clínicos: a maior incidência foi no sexo feminino (55,7%), faixa etária de 55 a 72 anos, tempo de evolução com variabilidade elevadíssima, desde um mês a 40 anos, e a cabeça foi a região topográfica mais freqüente (73,8%), principalmente nasal (21,1%) e zigomática (18,5%). A forma nodular pigmentada (47,4%) foi a mais encontrada e o tamanho das lesões independeu do tempo evolutivo. Histologicamente os padrões considerados baseados apenas nos arranjos parenquimais, foram os adenóide, compacto, fibroepitelial de Pinkus plexiforme, pseudocístico, reticulado, superficial e tricoepitelial, predominando o adenóide (28,3%). A média de crescimento foi em 2/3 da derme reticular (32,4%), e os tumores que mais se aprofundaram mostraram fibroplasia intensa. Houve concomitância de vários tipos celulares em um mesmo tumor e o pigmento melânico esteve mais presente nos tricoepitelioides. CONCLUSÃO: A fundamental importância da caracterização clínica e anatomopatológica dos carcinomas basocelulares destes serviços, sem diferenças muito significativas para os grupos e atenção para definições comportamentais e proposições ao relatório histopatológico.<br>BACKGROUND: A retrospective and anatomopathological study was performed on 704 basal carcinomas of 623 patients, diagnosed from 1991 to 1996, at the Dermatopathology section of the Dermatology Clinic of the Hospital das Clinicas, UFPE and at a private dermatopathology laboratory in the city of Recife. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical and anatomopathological aspects of the basal cell carcinomas diagnosed by the two services of Pernambuco region. METHODS: For the clinical study, the data were collected from the patient files and for the anatomopathological, macro and microscopic study a revision was made of the histological specimens. For determination of vertical growth, methods were used based on Clark and Breslow's histoprognostic techniques applied to malignant melanoma. RESULTS: Clinical: the highest incidence was in the feminine sex (55.7%) and in the 55 to 72-year-old age group. Disease duration was highly variable, ranging from one month to 40 years, and the head was the most frequent topographical area (73.8%), mainly nasal (21.1%) and zygomatic (18.5%). The nodular pigmented form (47.4%) was found most frequently and the size of the lesions did not depend on the disease duration. Histologically the patterns considered based only on the parenchymal arrangements, were the adenoid, compact, plexiform Pinkus fibroepithelioma, pseudocystic, reticulated, superficial and trichoepithelioid, though predominantly the adenoid form (28.3%). The mean growth involved 2/3 of the reticular dermis (32.4%), and the deepest tumors presented intense fibroplasia. There was concomitance of several cellular types within a single tumor and melanin pigment was found mostly in the trichoepithelioid type. CONCLUSION: The clinical and anatomopathological characterization of the basal cell carcinomas is of fundamental importance at these services, where there is no major difference between groups, calling attention to behavioral definitions and propositions for the histopathological report of these tumors