Defining authorship in user-generated content : copyright struggles in The Game of Thrones

The notion of authorship is a core element in antipiracy campaigns accompanying an emerging copyright regime, worldwide. These campaigns are built on discourses that aim to ‘problematize’ the issues of ‘legality’ of content downloading practices, ‘protection’ for content creators and the alleged damage caused to creators’ livelihood by piracy. Under these tensions, fandom both subverts such discourses, through sharing and production practices, and legitimizes industry’s mythology of an ‘original’ author. However, how is the notion of authorship constructed in the cooperative spaces of fandom? The article explores the most popular fandom sites of A Song of Ice and Fire, the book series that inspires the TV-show Game of Thrones and argues that the notion of authorship is not one-dimensional, but rather consists of attributes that develop across three processes: community building, the creative and the industrial/production process. Here, fandom constructs a figure of the ‘author’ which, although more complex than the one presented by the industry in its copyright/anti-piracy campaigns, maintains the status quo of regulatory frameworks based on the idea of a ‘primary’ creator

Solid intentions:an archival ethnography of corporate architecture and organizational remembering

Research on organizational spaces has not considered the importance of collective memory for the process of investing meaning in corporate architecture. Employing an archival ethnography approach, practices of organizational remembering emerge as a way to shape the meanings associated with architectural designs. While the role of monuments and museums are well established in studies of collective memory, this research extends the concept of spatiality to the practices of organizational remembering that focus on a wider selection of corporate architecture. By analyzing the historical shift from colonial to modernist architecture for banks and retailers in Ghana and Nigeria in the 1950s and 1960s on the basis of documents and photographs from three different companies, this article shows how archival sources can be used to untangle the ways in which companies seek to ascribe meaning to their architectural output. Buildings allude to the past and the future in a range of complex ways that can be interpreted more fully by reference to the archival sources and the historical context of their creation. Social remembering has the potential to explain why and how buildings have meaning, while archival ethnography offers a new research approach to investigate changing organizational practices

Exploring the tensions of being and becoming a medical educator

BackgroundPrevious studies have identified tensions medical faculty encounter in their roles but not specifically those with a qualification in medical education. It is likely that those with postgraduate qualifications may face additional tensions (i.e., internal or external conflicts or concerns) from differentiation by others, greater responsibilities and translational work against the status quo. This study explores the complex and multi-faceted tensions of educators with qualifications in medical education at various stages in their career.MethodsThe data described were collected in 2013–14 as part of a larger, three-phase mixed-methods research study employing a constructivist grounded theory analytic approach to understand identity formation among medical educators. The over-arching theoretical framework for the study was Communities of Practice. Thirty-six educators who had undertaken or were undertaking a postgraduate qualification in medical education took part in semi-structured interviews.ResultsParticipants expressed multiple tensions associated with both becoming and being a healthcare educator. Educational roles had to be juggled with clinical work, challenging their work-life balance. Medical education was regarded as having lower prestige, and therefore pay, than other healthcare career tracks. Medical education is a vast speciality, making it difficult as a generalist to keep up-to-date in all its areas. Interestingly, the graduates with extensive experience in education reported no fears, rather asserting that the qualification gave them job variety.ConclusionThis is the first detailed study exploring the tensions of educators with postgraduate qualifications in medical education. It complements and extends the findings of the previous studies by identifying tensions common as well as specific to active students and graduates. These tensions may lead to detachment, cynicism and a weak sense of identity among healthcare educators. Postgraduate programmes in medical education can help their students identify these tensions in becoming and develop coping strategies. Separate career routes, specific job descriptions and academic workload models for medical educators are recommended to further the professionalisation of medical education

The turn of the valve: representing with material models

Many scientific models are representations. Building on Goodman and Elgin’s notion of representation-as we analyse what this claim involves by providing a general definition of what makes something a scientific model, and formulating a novel account of how they represent. We call the result the DEKI account of representation, which offers a complex kind of representation involving an interplay of, denotation, exemplification, keying up of properties, and imputation. Throughout we focus on material models, and we illustrate our claims with the Phillips-Newlyn machine. In the conclusion we suggest that, mutatis mutandis, the DEKI account can be carried over to other kinds of models, notably fictional and mathematical models

The emergence of profit and interest in the monetary circuit

Efficient progress of the monetary theory of production (MTP) is hampered by an unsatisfactory account of how profit and interest emerge in the monetary circuit. As matter of fact, this question puzzled already the classics. It seems evident that it cannot be answered by applying the usual tools. The present paper’s purpose is to overcome the deadlock. This is done by setting the circulation approach on general structural axiomatic foundations

Accounting: A General Commentary on an Empirical Science

Many researchers have questioned the view of accounting as a science. Some maintain that it is a service activity rather than a science, yet others entertain the view that it is an art or merely a technology. While it is true that accounting provides a service and is a technology (a methodology for recording and reporting), that fact does not prevent accounting from being a science. Based upon the structure and knowledge base of the discipline, this paper presents the case for accounting as an empirical science

La provisión de medios de pago y su control

To examine seriatim following propositions, of the "new orthodoxy" of the supply of mediums of exchange: 1. The supply of Treasury Bills is the effective regulatory base of the domestic banking system; 2. Capability of open market operations to influencing the volume of bank deposits; 3. Uniquely of the assets or group of assets compared to money; 4. Possibility to put liquid assets in the place of money; 5. The basis for believing that there is any limit to velocity. He concludes without violation of the traditional analysis, it to say, that: 1. The cash continues being the base of the banking system, because the supply of Treasury Bills is neither a necessary and sufficient condition for a change in deposits; 2. There is no structural reason why open-market operations should be ineffective; 3. Assets can be uniquely identified as money (medium of exchange) if the aggregate of the class of assets to which they belong remains the same and there is no repercussion in the market for loans; 4. a) In analysis of the effects of asset choice, liquidity (in the maturity sense) must be put in the place of money as the monetary factor influencing effective demand by the rate of interest and valuation effects; b) In analysis of the determinants of expenditure plans, the liquidity (in the financial strength sense) must be put in the place, of money as the factor influencing directly; c) In analysis of the effect of expending decisions the availability of money be retained as a factor capable of influencing the ex-post realisations of such decision because of its unique position as the medium of exchange; 5. a) When the volume of money is large, monetary restriction is ineffective because velocity of circulation can increase without constraint; b) The development ex non-bank financial intermediaries causes a secular increase in the velocity of circulation, but the credit which they create is based upon money.Instituto de Investigaciones Económica

La provisión de medios de pago y su control

To examine seriatim following propositions, of the "new orthodoxy" of the supply of mediums of exchange: 1. The supply of Treasury Bills is the effective regulatory base of the domestic banking system; 2. Capability of open market operations to influencing the volume of bank deposits; 3. Uniquely of the assets or group of assets compared to money; 4. Possibility to put liquid assets in the place of money; 5. The basis for believing that there is any limit to velocity. He concludes without violation of the traditional analysis, it to say, that: 1. The cash continues being the base of the banking system, because the supply of Treasury Bills is neither a necessary and sufficient condition for a change in deposits; 2. There is no structural reason why open-market operations should be ineffective; 3. Assets can be uniquely identified as money (medium of exchange) if the aggregate of the class of assets to which they belong remains the same and there is no repercussion in the market for loans; 4. a) In analysis of the effects of asset choice, liquidity (in the maturity sense) must be put in the place of money as the monetary factor influencing effective demand by the rate of interest and valuation effects; b) In analysis of the determinants of expenditure plans, the liquidity (in the financial strength sense) must be put in the place, of money as the factor influencing directly; c) In analysis of the effect of expending decisions the availability of money be retained as a factor capable of influencing the ex-post realisations of such decision because of its unique position as the medium of exchange; 5. a) When the volume of money is large, monetary restriction is ineffective because velocity of circulation can increase without constraint; b) The development ex non-bank financial intermediaries causes a secular increase in the velocity of circulation, but the credit which they create is based upon money.Instituto de Investigaciones Económica