82 research outputs found

    Small-scale, semi-automated purification of eukaryotic proteins for structure determination

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    A simple approach that allows cost-effective automated purification of recombinant proteins in levels sufficient for functional characterization or structural studies is described. Studies with four human stem cell proteins, an engineered version of green fluorescent protein, and other proteins are included. The method combines an expression vector (pVP62K) that provides in vivo cleavage of an initial fusion protein, a factorial designed auto-induction medium that improves the performance of small-scale production, and rapid, automated metal affinity purification of His8-tagged proteins. For initial small-scale production screening, single colony transformants were grown overnight in 0.4 ml of auto-induction medium, produced proteins were purified using the Promega Maxwell 16, and purification results were analyzed by Caliper LC90 capillary electrophoresis. The yield of purified [U-15N]-His8-Tcl-1 was 7.5 Όg/ml of culture medium, of purified [U-15N]-His8-GFP was 68 Όg/ml, and of purified selenomethione-labeled AIA–GFP (His8 removed by treatment with TEV protease) was 172 Όg/ml. The yield information obtained from a successful automated purification from 0.4 ml was used to inform the decision to scale-up for a second meso-scale (10–50 ml) cell growth and automated purification. 1H–15N NMR HSQC spectra of His8-Tcl-1 and of His8-GFP prepared from 50 ml cultures showed excellent chemical shift dispersion, consistent with well folded states in solution suitable for structure determination. Moreover, AIA–GFP obtained by proteolytic removal of the His8 tag was subjected to crystallization screening, and yielded crystals under several conditions. Single crystals were subsequently produced and optimized by the hanging drop method. The structure was solved by molecular replacement at a resolution of 1.7 Å. This approach provides an efficient way to carry out several key target screening steps that are essential for successful operation of proteomics pipelines with eukaryotic proteins: examination of total expression, determination of proteolysis of fusion tags, quantification of the yield of purified protein, and suitability for structure determination

    The Zinc Dyshomeostasis Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease

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    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Hallmark AD neuropathology includes extracellular amyloid plaques composed largely of the amyloid-ÎČ protein (AÎČ), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyper-phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau (MAP-tau), and microtubule destabilization. Early-onset autosomal dominant AD genes are associated with excessive AÎČ accumulation, however cognitive impairment best correlates with NFTs and disrupted microtubules. The mechanisms linking AÎČ and NFT pathologies in AD are unknown. Here, we propose that sequestration of zinc by AÎČ-amyloid deposits (AÎČ oligomers and plaques) not only drives AÎČ aggregation, but also disrupts zinc homeostasis in zinc-enriched brain regions important for memory and vulnerable to AD pathology, resulting in intra-neuronal zinc levels, which are either too low, or excessively high. To evaluate this hypothesis, we 1) used molecular modeling of zinc binding to the microtubule component protein tubulin, identifying specific, high-affinity zinc binding sites that influence side-to-side tubulin interaction, the sensitive link in microtubule polymerization and stability. We also 2) performed kinetic modeling showing zinc distribution in extra-neuronal AÎČ deposits can reduce intra-neuronal zinc binding to microtubules, destabilizing microtubules. Finally, we 3) used metallomic imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) to show anatomically-localized and age-dependent zinc dyshomeostasis in specific brain regions of Tg2576 transgenic, mice, a model for AD. We found excess zinc in brain regions associated with memory processing and NFT pathology. Overall, we present a theoretical framework and support for a new theory of AD linking extra-neuronal AÎČ amyloid to intra-neuronal NFTs and cognitive dysfunction. The connection, we propose, is based on ÎČ-amyloid-induced alterations in zinc ion concentration inside neurons affecting stability of polymerized microtubules, their binding to MAP-tau, and molecular dynamics involved in cognition. Further, our theory supports novel AD therapeutic strategies targeting intra-neuronal zinc homeostasis and microtubule dynamics to prevent neurodegeneration and cognitive decline

    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

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    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

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    In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

    Anwendungsorientierung von Grundlagenforschung? Erfahrungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR

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    In einer retrospektiven empirischen Analyse wird die Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung in der ehemaligen Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR rekonstruiert. Zugleich werden die Voraussetzungen und die kognitiven RĂŒckwirkungen dieser Integration in den industrierelevanten Disziplinen diskutiert.Tabellen und Abbildungen AbkĂŒrzungen Vorwort Danksagung Kapitel 1 Die Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung als Problem der Forschungspolitik und der Wissenschaftsforschung 1.1 Problemstellung 1.2 Untersuchungskonzept 1.3 DurchfĂŒhrung der Untersuchung Kapitel 2 Die »Forschungsakademie der sozialistischen Gesellschaft« – Akademieentwicklung im Spannungsfeld von Wirtschafts- und Wissenschaftspolitik 2.1 Die Entwicklung der »Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin« zur bedeutendsten Forschungsorganisation der DDR – 1946 bis Anfang der sechziger Jahre 2.2 Die Einordnung der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften in politische Hierarchien – die sechziger Jahre 2.3 Auf der Suche nach effektiven Steuerungsinstrumenten fĂŒr die Akademie – die siebziger Jahre 2.4 Die Dominanz der Wirtschaftspolitik – die achtziger Jahre Kapitel 3 Formale Regelungen fĂŒr Forschungs- und Transferprozesse 3.1 Die Akademie der Wissenschaften im forschungspolitischen Institutionensystem der achtziger Jahre 3.2 Standardprozeduren der Wirtschaftsplanung und ihre Anwendung auf die Planung der Akademie 3.3 Spezielle Formen der Planung von Forschungs- und Innovationsprozessen: Pflichtenhefte und Nomenklaturen 3.4 Vertragsbeziehungen zwischen Industrie und Akademie der Wissenschaften Kapitel 4 Die Akademie der Wissenschaften als Akteur 4.1 Die analytische Perspektive 4.2 Äußere Handlungsbedingungen: die Akademie der Wissenschaften als verselbstĂ€ndigte Verwaltungseinheit 4.3 IntermediĂ€re Funktionen der Akademie der Wissenschaften 4.4 Ziele und Steuerungsversuche der AdW-Leitung bezĂŒglich der Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung in den Instituten Kapitel 5 Die Organisation der Forschung in den Instituten der Akademie der Wissenschaften 5.1 Die thematische und formale Organisation der Institute 5.2 Zwischen Anweisungen, Forderungen und Restriktionen – GestaltungsspielrĂ€ume der Institutsleitungen 5.3 Vermittlungsfunktionen und Ziele der Institutsleitungen 5.4 Entscheidungen der Institutsleitungen und ihr Einfluß auf die Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung in den Arbeitsrichtungen Kapitel 6 Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung in den Instituten der Akademie der Wissenschaften – zwei Fallbeispiele 6.1 Fallbeispiel 1: KontextĂŒberlagerung und »dynamisches Gleichgewicht« zwischen Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung 6.2 Fallbeispiel 2: »Sequentielle Integration« von Grundlagenund Anwendungsforschung Kapitel 7 Entstehung und Dynamik industriegebundener Forschungsprojekte 7.1 Interessen der Projektbearbeiter und ihrer Partner in der Industrie 7.2 Die Entstehung industriegebundener Forschungsprojekte 7.3 Die Steuerung der Projektbearbeitung 7.4 Der Transfer von Forschungsergebnissen Kapitel 8 Die Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung in den Arbeitsrichtungen industrierelevanter Disziplinen an der Akademie der Wissenschaften 8.1 Typische Varianten der Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung 8.2 HandlungsspielrĂ€ume fĂŒr die Integration von Grundlagen und Anwendungsforschung in den Arbeitsrichtungen und Projekten 8.3 Kognitive BezĂŒge der integrierten Grundlagenforschung als Wirkung und Bedingung der Integration Kapitel 9 Kognitive und soziale Bedingungen und Wirkungen der Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung 9.1 Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung? 9.2 Aggregation der Mikroprozesse: Langfristige Tendenzen in der Integration von Grundlagen- und Anwendungsforschung Anhang 1 Leitfragen zur Beeinflussung der Grundlagenbeziehungsweise Anwendungsorientierungen durch die forschungspolitischen Bedingungen Anhang 2 LeitfĂ€den fĂŒr die Interviews Anhang 3 Zeittafel: Herausbildung und Entwicklung des »Forschungsmodells AdW der DDR« Literatur Sachregiste
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