Soil moisture modeling review

A determination of the state of the art in soil moisture transport modeling based on physical or physiological principles was made. It was found that soil moisture models based on physical principles have been under development for more than 10 years. However, these models were shown to represent infiltration and redistribution of soil moisture quite well. Evapotranspiration has not been as adequately incorporated into the models

Study of high resolution wind measuring systems. phase i survey, july through september 1964

High resolution wind measuring systems using probes, tracers, and sound technique

Cooperation on Competition: The Multistate Tax Commission and State Corporate Tax Uniformity

This report explores how interstate uniformity of state corporate income taxes has varied over time, the role played by the MTC, and how likely it is that uniformity will be achieved. FRC Report 11

Descriptive and sensitivity analyses of WATBALI: A dynamic soil water model

A soil water computer model that uses the IBM Continuous System Modeling Program III to solve the dynamic equations representing the soil, plant, and atmospheric physical or physiological processes considered is presented and discussed. Using values describing the soil-plant-atmosphere characteristics, the model predicts evaporation, transpiration, drainage, and soil water profile changes from an initial soil water profile and daily meteorological data. The model characteristics and simulations that were performed to determine the nature of the response to controlled variations in the input are described the results of the simulations are included and a change that makes the response of the model more closely represent the observed characteristics of evapotranspiration and profile changes for dry soil conditions is examined

Study of high resolution wind measuring systems. phase ii- analysis

Comparative analysis of high resolution wind measuring system

Experimental constraints on the origin and evolution of the Bishop Tuff.

The Bishop Tuff has benefited from extensive field, petrological and geochemical studies for more than 50 years to the point of becoming a classical example of a zoned magma chamber in many geological textbooks. The mechanism(s) leading to the development of geochemical zoning in such magmas are still vigorously debated, however. Fractionation mechanisms invoked so far call upon some sort of separation between early formed phenocrysts and liquid (Wallace et al., 1999; Anderson et al., 2000), mixing between various end-members, or on the establishment of chemical gradients within the liquid resulting from thermal gradients in the magma body (Hildreth, 1981). Early work rejected the possibility of fractionation being driven by crystal settling (Hildreth, 1981), but recent melt inclusion studies have resurrected some kind of crystal-liquid separation (Anderson et al., 2000). Interest in the petrogenesis of large silicic magma chambers revived in the early nineties when detailed isotopic work concluded that phenocryst crystallisation in rhyolitic magma chambers might precede by several hundred thousand years the time of eruption (Halliday et al., 1989), implying maintaining largely liquid for protracted periods huge amounts of relatively cold magma in upper crust. This model was questioned, mainly on physical grounds, on the basis that the thermal regime even of large silicic bodies would be unable to ensure magmatic lifetimes in excess of 100 kyr (Sparks et al., 1990), unless the heat supplied by putative underlying basalt strictly balances that resulting from conductive cooling atop the silicic magma body. Subsequent isotopic works have either supported the hypothesis of enhanced longevity (e.g., van den Bogaard and Schirnick, 1995; Reid et al., 1997; Davies and Halliday, 1998) or criticized it (Reid and Coath, 2000)

Accomplishments of the NASA Johnson Space Center portion of the soil moisture project in fiscal year 1981

The NASA/JSC ground scatterometer system was used in a row structure and row direction effects experiment to understand these effects on radar remote sensing of soil moisture. Also, a modification of the scatterometer system was begun and is continuing, to allow cross-polarization experiments to be conducted in fiscal years 1982 and 1983. Preprocessing of the 1978 agricultural soil moisture experiment (ASME) data was completed. Preparations for analysis of the ASME data is fiscal year 1982 were completed. A radar image simulation procedure developed by the University of Kansas is being improved. Profile soil moisture model outputs were compared quantitatively for the same soil and climate conditions. A new model was developed and tested to predict the soil moisture characteristic (water tension versus volumetric soil moisture content) from particle-size distribution and bulk density data. Relationships between surface-zone soil moisture, surface flux, and subsurface moisture conditions are being studied as well as the ways in which measured soil moisture (as obtained from remote sensing) can be used for agricultural applications

Tracking Vector Magnetograms with the Magnetic Induction Equation

The differential affine velocity estimator (DAVE) developed in Schuck (2006) for estimating velocities from line-of-sight magnetograms is modified to directly incorporate horizontal magnetic fields to produce a differential affine velocity estimator for vector magnetograms (DAVE4VM). The DAVE4VM's performance is demonstrated on the synthetic data from the anelastic pseudospectral ANMHD simulations that were used in the recent comparison of velocity inversion techniques by Welsch (2007). The DAVE4VM predicts roughly 95% of the helicity rate and 75% of the power transmitted through the simulation slice. Inter-comparison between DAVE4VM and DAVE and further analysis of the DAVE method demonstrates that line-of-sight tracking methods capture the shearing motion of magnetic footpoints but are insensitive to flux emergence -- the velocities determined from line-of-sight methods are more consistent with horizontal plasma velocities than with flux transport velocities. These results suggest that previous studies that rely on velocities determined from line-of-sight methods such as the DAVE or local correlation tracking may substantially misrepresent the total helicity rates and power through the photosphere.Comment: 30 pages, 13 figure

CZM in California, Oregon, and Washington

Twenty years ago coastal zone protection was merely a gleam in the eyes of a few west coast visionaries. A flurry of state and federal laws in the late 1960s and into the 1970s changed this. Today, broad coastal management programs are in place in all three west coast states, with a special one for San Francisco Bay. Each program is unique, and at the same time shares significant qualities with the others. This article identifies the major attributes of these four programs and offers insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each. In comparing and contrasting the four programs, this article focuses on five topics. Four topics emphasize the process of coastal zone management: public participation, state and local government relationships, enforcement of program requirements, and federal consistency with approved state programs. The remaining topic stresses substantive changes in patterns of coastal resource use. These five topics were selected in order to distinguish broad aspects of coastal zone management from regulatory programs. These topics also were chosen because of the opportunities they offer for interstate comparison. All three states, for example, have delegated substantial planning and implementation to coastal local governments. Such delegation has created significant program monitoring and enforcement problems. Similarly, all four evaluated programs utilize water dependency as a principal shoreline allocation criterion. The inclusion of water dependency also allows some preliminary attempts to link program processes with concrete program outcomes. For all five topics, the legal framework governing each program is outlined and the experiences of administering the program assessed. Statutes, agency regulations, and court decisions combine to form the relevant legal framework and provide the essentials for how coastal zone management was designed to operate. Of course, the legal framework has been modified as experience in administration dictated. Thus, the article also considers how particular problems actually have been dealt with in the regulatory and planning process. Such an experiential view is, by its very nature, difficult to portray because opinion and anecdote are, by necessity, key elements