15 research outputs found
Measurement of the extreme ankle range of motion required by female ballet dancers
epub ahead of printFemale ballet dancers require extreme ankle motion, especially plantar flexion, but research about measuring such motion is lacking. The purposes of this study were to determine in a sample of ballet dancers whether non–weight-bearing ankle range of motion is significantly different from the weight-bearing equivalent and whether inclinometric plantar flexion measurement is a suitable substitute for standard plantar flexion goniometry. Fifteen female ballet dancers (5 university, 5 vocational, and 5 professional dancers; age 21 ± 3.0 years) volunteered. Subjects received 5 assessments on 1 ankle: non–weightbearing goniometry dorsiflexion (NDF) and plantar flexion (NPF), weightbearing goniometry in the ballet positions demi-plié (WDF) and en pointe (WPF), and non–weight-bearing plantar flexion inclinometry (IPF). Mean NDF was significantly lower than WDF (17° ± 1.3° vs 30° ± 1.8°, P < .001). NPF (77° ± 2.5°) was significantly lower than both WPF (83° ± 2.2°, P = .01) and IPF (89° ± 1.6°, P < .001), and WPF was significantly lower than IPF (P = .013). Dorsiflexion tended to decrease and plantar flexion tended to increase with increasing ballet proficiency. The authors conclude that assessment of extreme ankle motion in female ballet dancers is challenging, and goniometry and inclinometry appear to measure plantar flexion differently
Brand Portfolio and Over-Supply
Firms operating in over-supply conditions cannot increase their sales not even through the price reduction as a lever. In such context the intangible assets become predominant and tend to direct the competition within different industries towardsnew, unstable competitive business models based on market-driven management. In fact, the firms have reconsidered their brand portfolio, often by intervening drastically on the number of brands possessed and selling some of them to third parties or, alternatively, abandoning taking into consideration strategic aspects of brand management and its costs. At the business unit level, the brand portfolios are subjected to numerous operations oriented to adapt supply to new competitive conditions