677 research outputs found
Cepheid Parallaxes and the Hubble Constant
Revised Hipparcos parallaxes for classical Cepheids are analysed together
with 10 HST-based parallaxes (Benedict et al.). In a reddening-free V,I
relation we find that the coefficient of logP is the same within the
uncertainties in our Galaxy as in the LMC, contrary to some previous
suggestions. Cepheids in the inner region of NGC4258 with near solar
metallicities (Macri et al.) confirm this result. We obtain a zero-point for
the reddening-free relation and apply it to Cepheids in galaxies used by
Sandage et al. to calibrate the absolute magnitudes of SNIa and to derive the
Hubble constant. We revise their result from 62 to 70+/-5 km/s/Mpc. The
Freedman et al. 2001 value is revised from 72 to 76+/-8 km/s/Mpc. These results
are insensitive to Cepheid metallicity corrections. The Cepheids in the inner
region of NGC4258 yield a modulus of 29.22+/-0.03(int) compared with a
maser-based modulus of 29.29+/-0.15. Distance moduli for the LMC, uncorrected
for any metallicity effects, are; 18.52+/-0.03 from a reddening-free relation
in V,I; 18.47+/-0.03 from a period-luminosity relation at K; 18.45+/-0.04 from
a period-luminosity-colour relation in J,K. Adopting a metallicity correction
in V,I from Marci et al. leads to a true LMC modulus of 18.39+/-0.05.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure, on-line material from [email protected].
Accepted for MNRA
Pacing therapy for atrioventricular dromotropathy: A combined computational-experimental-clinical study
AIMS: Investigate haemodynamic effects, and their mechanisms, of restoring atrioventricular (AV)-coupling using pacemaker therapy in normal and failing hearts in a combined computational-experimental-clinical study.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Computer simulations were performed in the CircAdapt model of the normal and failing human heart and circulation. Experiments were performed in a porcine model of AV dromotropathy. In a proof-of-principle clinical study, left ventricular (LV) pressure and volume were measured in 22 heart failure (HF) patients (LV ejection fraction \u3c35%) with prolonged PR interval (\u3e230 ms) and narrow or non-left bundle branch block QRS complex. Computer simulations and animal studies in normal hearts showed that restoring of AV-coupling with unchanged ventricular activation sequence significantly increased LV filling, mean arterial pressure, and cardiac output by 10-15%. In computer simulations of failing hearts and in HF patients, reducing PR interval by biventricular (BiV) pacing (patients: from 300 ± 61 to 137 ± 30 ms) resulted in significant increases in LV stroke volume and stroke work (patients: 34 ± 40% and 26 ± 31%, respectively). However, worsening of ventricular dyssynchrony by using right ventricular (RV) pacing abrogated the benefit of restoring AV-coupling. In model simulations, animals and patients, the increase of LV filling and associated improvement of LV pump function coincided with both larger mitral inflow (E- and A-wave area) and reduction of diastolic mitral regurgitation.
CONCLUSION: Restoration of AV-coupling by BiV pacing in normal and failing hearts with prolonged AV conduction leads to considerable haemodynamic improvement. These results indicate that BiV or physiological pacing, but not RV pacing, may improve cardiac function in patients with HF and prolonged PR interval
STROOPWAFEL: Simulating rare outcomes from astrophysical populations, with application to gravitational-wave sources
Gravitational-wave observations of double compact object (DCO) mergers are
providing new insights into the physics of massive stars and the evolution of
binary systems. Making the most of expected near-future observations for
understanding stellar physics will rely on comparisons with binary population
synthesis models. However, the vast majority of simulated binaries never
produce DCOs, which makes calculating such populations computationally
inefficient. We present an importance sampling algorithm, STROOPWAFEL, that
improves the computational efficiency of population studies of rare events, by
focusing the simulation around regions of the initial parameter space found to
produce outputs of interest. We implement the algorithm in the binary
population synthesis code COMPAS, and compare the efficiency of our
implementation to the standard method of Monte Carlo sampling from the birth
probability distributions. STROOPWAFEL finds 25-200 times more DCO
mergers than the standard sampling method with the same simulation size, and so
speeds up simulations by up to two orders of magnitude. Finding more DCO
mergers automatically maps the parameter space with far higher resolution than
when using the traditional sampling. This increase in efficiency also leads to
a decrease of a factor 3-10 in statistical sampling uncertainty for the
predictions from the simulations. This is particularly notable for the
distribution functions of observable quantities such as the black hole and
neutron star chirp mass distribution, including in the tails of the
distribution functions where predictions using standard sampling can be
dominated by sampling noise.Comment: Accepted. Data and scripts to reproduce main results is publicly
available. The code for the STROOPWAFEL algorithm will be made publicly
available. Early inquiries can be addressed to the lead autho
Geogenic element behaviour in soil-rainwater interaction at Mt Etna, Sicily: preliminary results
Active volcanoes emit considerable amounts of contaminants such as As, Se and V. Previous
studies have shown that the volcanic activity at Mt Etna (Sicily) has a strong influence on local
rainwater compositions. However to date, the behaviour of trace elements in the soils around
Mt Etna is poorly understood. 4-hr batch experiments have been performed with 1:5 soil
solutions of air-dried soil (fraction <2 mm) and synthetic (acid) rainwater (using either
deionized water with a pH of ~6 or a ~500 ppm of sulphuric acid solution with a pH of ~2). In
general trace element concentrations are more enriched in soil solutions with low pH (e.g.
enrichment factor (EF) acid compared to neutral soil solution is up to 4.3x102 for V, 2.5x102
for As and 50 for Se). However, it seems that the EF especially for As and V has a correlation
with the distance to the crater. Additional, some soils located downwind of the volcano have
EFs smaller than 1 (i.e. the elements are more enriched in neutral rainwater), for several
elements like V, As and Se. For As and V the EF seems to be vary with distance to the crater.
Some possible explanations for these trends will be discussed. These results might have
important implications for the chemical composition of the Etnean aquifer, the only water
resource to the one million inhabitants around Mt Etna, as well as the bioavailability and
therefore potential toxicity through agricultural activities, essential to the local economy
Rainwater-induced leaching of selenium, arsenic and vanadium from Etnean volcanic soils
Active volcanoes emit considerable amounts of
contaminants such as As, Se and V. Mount Etna is the biggest
volcano of Europe and an excellent geochemical site to study
water-soil processes. Due to its volcanic activity, the rainwater
has a strong compositional gradient, both in time and space.
At present, the behaviour of trace elements in the soils around
Mt Etna is poorly understood. To determine the influence of
the rainwater pH on the potential mobilization of geogenic
pollutants, batch experiments have been performed with
synthetic rainwater for 25 soils collected along the flanks of
the volcano. Our results show that:
i) The maximum concentrations in the leaching solutions are
higher for acid rain than for neutral rain (e.g. 7.7 vs 1.3
mg/L for Se).
ii) With neutral rain conditions the soils upwind from the
volcano have higher concentrations of Se than those
downwind (up to 1.3 mg/L compared to ≤0.3 mg/L for
the other samples). This trend is less clear for As and V.
iii) For soils collected from 2 to 10 km downwind of the
craters, Se concentrations in acid rain leachates decrease
one order of magnitude with increasing distance. A
similar pattern is also observed upwind from the
volcano. For As and V no clear relationship between
concentrations and location with respect to the volcanic
craters is observed.
Both i) and ii) result in a low pH dependence for samples
upwind from the volcano. The biggest difference between acid
and neutral leaching for As and V is observed for a sample 2
km downwind from the craters. The observed patterns are
influenced by potential controlling factors, such as organic
matter content, total concentrations, mineralogy, influence of
the volcanic plume, etc. Our results have implications for the
chemical composition of the Etnean aquifer, the only water
resource to the one million inhabitants around Mt Etna, as well
as for the bioavailability and potential toxicity through
agricultural activities, essential to the local economy
Volcanic signature of volatile trace elements on atmospheric deposition at Mt. Etna, Italy
Volcanic volatiles and aerosol emitted into the atmosphere ultimately fall on the Earth’s surface as wet or dry deposition, and they can influence the environment and the ecosystems at local and regional scales. Therefore, atmospheric deposition plays a key-role in the geochemical cycles, redistributing volcanogenic elements to the ground. For this reason, estimating the volcanogenic trace element fluxes from the atmosphere to the surface is necessary for a better knowledge of the environmental impact of the volcanic emissions. Nevertheless, from a literature review, we have recognized the scarcity of investigation on trace element deposition in the surroundings of active volcanoes. Here, we present a chemical characterization of bulk deposition around Mt. Etna, Italy, including both major and many trace elements.
Bulk depositions were collected approximately fortnightly, from April 2006 to December 2007, using a network of five rain gauges, located at various altitudes on the upper flanks around the summit craters of the volcano. For most elements highest concentrations have been found close to the emission vent, confirming the prevailing volcanic contribution to rainwater composition close to the summit craters. Comparison with contemporaneously collected plume emissions shows that deposition processes produce no evident element-to-element fractionation. By contrast, comparison with whole rock composition indicates a contrasting behaviour between volatile elements, which are highly-enriched in rainwater, and refractory elements, which have low rainwater/whole rock concentration ratios.
Chemical concentrations in bulk deposition were used to estimate the deposition rates of a large suite of elements. Deposition rates for volatile trace elements like Se, As, and Cd range from 1.7, 1.2 and 0.9 µg m-2 day-1 nearby to the summit vents, to 0.5, 0.3, and 0.1 µg m-2 day-1 at the local background site on the upwind western sector
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