Preferred Leadership of NCAA Division I and II Intercollegiate Student-Athletes

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of student-athletes\u27 preferred leadership behavior for their coaches based on gender, competition level, task dependence, and task variability. Four hundred and eight male and female student-athletes from four NCAA Division I and six Division II universities expressed their preferences using the Revised Leadership Scale for Sport (RLSS) (Zhang, Jensen, & Mann, 1997). The preference version of the RLSS included six behavior dimensions, autocratic, democratic, positive feedback, situational consideration, social support, and training and instruction behaviors. A split-plot ANOVA was performed on the individual preference scores grouped by gender, competition level, task dependence, and task variability for the six dimensions of coaching behavior. The ANOVA also computed interactions. Fisher\u27s LSDs were performed on all significant interactions. Among genders, the ANOVA demonstrated a significant gender by level interaction for democratic behavior. Fisher\u27s LSD failed to detect any significant interactions. Among competition levels, the ANOVA demonstrated a significant task dependence by level interaction for autocratic behavior. Division I independent sport student-athletes had significantly higher preferences than Division II independent sport student-athletes. A significant task variability by level interaction revealed Division I open sport student-athletes had significantly greater preferences for autocratic behavior than did Division II open sport student-athletes. The results also demonstrated a significant task dependence by level interaction for democratic behavior. Division I independent sport student-athletes showed significantly greater preferences for democratic behavior than Division I interdependent sport student-athletes and Division II independent sport student-athletes showed significantly greater preferences than did Division II interdependent sport student-athletes. Independent sport student-athletes, regardless of gender or competition level, showed significantly greater preferences for democratic, positive feedback, situational consideration, and social support behaviors. The results also indicated a significant task variability by level interaction for autocratic behavior. Division I open sport student-athletes had significantly greater preferences for these coaching behaviors than Division I closed sport student-athletes. Open sport student-athletes, regardless of gender or competition level, had significantly greater preferences for democratic, positive feedback, and social support behaviors. The results demonstrate support for a portion of the multidimensional model of leadership (Chelladurai, 1979; 1990) with differences in behavior preferences based on student-athlete characteristics of competition level, task dependence, and task variability. The results may aid in the evaluation of coaching behavior and coaching method and in defining training preparation programs that would enhance the congruence between student-athlete behavior preferences and actual coaching behaviors. The results suggest the use of the multidimensional model of leadership and the related instruments for future investigations of sport leadership behavior

Effect of IRC Code 1031 on Texas Agricultural Land Price

In this paper, we examine the effect of Section 1031 tax deferred payment on Texas agricultural land price. To analyze the effects, we estimate the market equilibrium price function using the dynamic panel model and Texas agricultural land sales for 1965-2007. We argue that Section 1031 increases both demand and supply of agricultural land by its tax reducing effect. Our empirical estimation shows that Section 1031 decreases the market price which means the supply curve shifted to the right more than the demand curve.Land Economics/Use,

We Are One in Christ: The Task Before Us

https://digitalcommons.acu.edu/crs_books/1371/thumbnail.jp

Prince Farming Takes a Wife: Exploring the Use of Agricultural Imagery and Stereotypes on ABC\u27s The Bachelor

The 19th season of ABC’s The Bachelor stars Chris Soules, an Iowa farmer who is pursuing a wife. Soules appears to exhibit all the qualities of a gentleman farmer desired by the contestants: good looks, kindness, strong family values, and courteous manners. However, research of previous reality television programs has concluded negative views of agricultural lifestyles typically are present. The Bachelor aired during prime-time television hours and exposed millions of viewers to agricultural imagery, which is why an analysis of this season is important to agricultural communicators. This qualitative discourse analysis examines the representation of agriculture and rural communities through selected videos and episodes of The Bachelor that show Soules and the bachelorettes in agriculture-related settings. Previous research indicates entertainment media have impacted audience’s perceptions of agriculture and reality television programming is adept at perpetuating stereotypes. Repeated exposure to stereotypes through media representation causes viewers to absorb those images into their social reality and, in turn, impacts their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors toward the subject of those stereotypes. The Bachelor Season 19 contains both positive and negative agricultural stereotypes, including isolated small-town life, hard-working farmers, and “country” as a personality type. Farm-centric content is used to elicit laughs and to build romantic tension with the effect of minimizing the importance of agriculture. The researchers plan further investigation of the perceptual effects of the program’s televised content and the related social-media conversation surrounding “Prince Farming.

Teaching the mathematics that teachers need to know: Classroom ideas for supporting prospective elementary teachers’ development of mathematical knowledge for teaching

The goal of this article is to articulate aspects of mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) that should be addressed in college mathematics content courses for prospective teachers (PTs), and to make research- and practice-based recommendations of class activities, materials, and strategies in support of developing this knowledge. We describe class activities that engage PTs in problem solving as a means of making sense of the content that they will later teach and that immerse them in the mathematics practices that they will later need to foster with their own students. We also provide examples of how mathematics manipulatives, school curriculum materials, and samples of children’s thinking can be integrated as instructional tools in content courses. In developing these activities, we were guided by the research regarding the depth and breadth of knowledge required for the effective teaching of mathematics at the early childhood and upper elementary levels, and by the recommendations of professional organizations for math teacher education

Can I Buy My Health? A Genetically Informed Study of Socioeconomic Status and Health

Background A large literature demonstrates associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and health, including physiological health and well-being. Moreover, gender differences are often observed among measures of both SES and health. However, relationships between SES and health are sometimes questioned given the lack of true experiments, and the potential biological and SES mechanisms explaining gender differences in health are rarely examined simultaneously. Purpose To use a national sample of twins to investigate lifetime socioeconomic adversity and a measure of physiological dysregulation separately by sex. Methods Using the twin sample in the second wave of the Midlife in the United States survey (MIDUS II), biometric regression analysis was conducted to determine whether the established SES-physiological health association is observed among twins both before and after adjusting for potential familial-level confounds (additive genetic and shared environmental influences that may underly the SES-health link), and whether this association differs among men and women. Results Although individuals with less socioeconomic adversity over the lifespan exhibited less physiological dysregulation among this sample of twins, this association only persisted among male twins after adjusting for familial influences. Conclusions Findings from the present study suggest that, particularly for men, links between socioeconomic adversity and health are not spurious or better explained by additive genetic or early shared environmental influences. Furthermore, gender-specific role demands may create differential associations between SES and health

Stac Proteins Suppress Ca2+-Dependent Inactivation of Neuronal L-type Ca2+ Channels

Stac protein (named for its SH3-and cysteine-rich domains) was first identified in brain 20 years ago and is currently known to have three isoforms. Stac2, Stac1, and Stac3 transcripts are found at high, modest, and very low levels, respectively, in the cerebellum and forebrain, but their neuronal functions have been little investigated. Here, we tested the effects of Stac proteins on neuronal, high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels. Overexpression of the three Stac isoforms eliminated Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI) ofL-type current in rat neonatal hippocampal neurons (sex unknown), but not CDI of non-L-type current. Using heterologous expression in tsA201 cells (together with β and α2-δ1 auxiliary subunits), we found that CDI for CaV1.2 and CaV1.3 (the predominant, neuronalL-type Ca2+ channels) was suppressed by all three Stac isoforms, whereas CDI for the P/Q channel, CaV2.1, was not. For CaV1.2, the inhibition of CDI by the Stac proteins appeared to involve their direct interaction with the channel’s C terminus. Within the Stac proteins, a weakly conserved segment containing ~100 residues and linking the structurally conserved PKC C1 and SH3_1 domains was sufficient to fully suppress CDI. The presence of CDI forL-type current in control neonatal neurons raised the possibility that endogenous Stac levels are low in these neurons and Western blotting indicated that the expression of Stac2 was substantially increased in adult forebrain and cerebellum compared with neonate. Together, our results indicate that one likely function of neuronal Stac proteins is to tune Ca2+ entry via neuronal L-type channels. © 2018 the authors