Resveratrol activates antioxidant protective mechanisms in cellular models of Alzheimer’s disease inflammation

Resveratrol is a natural phenolic compound with known benefits against neurodegeneration. We analyzed in vitro the protective mechanisms of resveratrol against the proinflammatory monomeric C-reactive protein (mCRP). mCRP increases the risk of AD after stroke and we previously demonstrated that intracerebral mCRP induces AD-like dementia in mice. Here, we used BV2 microglia treated with mCRP for 24 h in the presence or absence of resveratrol. Cells and conditioned media were collected for analysis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has also been implicated in AD progression and so LPS was used as a resveratrol-sensitive reference agent. mCRP at the concentration of 50 µg/mL activated the nitric oxide pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Furthermore, mCRP induced cyclooxygenase-2 and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Resveratrol effectively inhibited these changes and increased the expression of the antioxidant enzyme genes Cat and Sod2. As central mechanisms of defense, resveratrol activated the hub genes Sirt1 and Nfe2l2 and inhibited the nuclear translocation of the signal transducer NF-ĸB. Proinflammatory changes induced by mCRP in primary mixed glial cultures were also protected by resveratrol. This work provides a mechanistic insight into the protective benefits of resveratrol in preventing the risk of AD induced by proinflammatory agents

Effect of peripheral macrophages on neuroinflammation after ischemic brain stroke in mice

U imunosne stanice sa sposobnošću fagocitoze spadaju makrofagi koji se nalaze u cijelom tijelu, dok u mozgu istu funkciju obavljaju stanice mikroglije. Spremište perifernih makrofaga kao i svih imunosnih stanica je slezena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio ustvrditi utjecaj perifernih makrofaga na upalne procese i oporavak nakon izazvanog ishemijskog moždanog udara kod miša. Miševi su podijeljeni u dvije skupine po šest miševa. Jednoj skupini je odstranjena slezena, kako bi se smanjio broj dostupnih makrofaga, dok drugoj nije. Nakon izazivanja moždanog udara miševi su žrtvovani 28. dan i napravljeni su prerezi korteksa, hipokampusa i striatuma. Ti prerezi su bojani imunohistokemijskim metodama na proupalne i specifične stanične markere kako bi se odredila prisutnost makrofaga i mikroglije na mjestu ishemijske ozljede. Nakon statističke obrade pokazano je da je upala jača kod skupine miševa kojoj je odstranjena slezena što ukazuje na važnost makrofaga u ublažavanju upale i potencijalni brži oporavak.Macrophages and microglia are immune cells that belong to the innate immune group of cells and have the capacity to phagocytize. Macrophages can be found throughout the body while microglia can be found in the brain. The main reservoir of peripheral macrophages is the spleen. The aim of this study was to study the effect of peripheral macrophages on neuroinflammation and recovery after ischemic brain stroke in mice. The mice were divided into two groups of six mice. One group underwent splenectomy while the other was sham operated. Ischemic brain stroke was then induced in both groups on the left hemisphere of the brain and mice were sacrificed on the twenty-eigth day, brain slices consisting of the cortex, hippocampus and striatum were made. Those slices were dyed by immunohistochemistry for specific inflammation and cell markers so that the quantity of cells and severeness of inflammation could be measured at the ischemic injury. Results showed that the inflammation was more severe in mice that underwent splenectomy which potentially points to the importance of macrophages in lessening inflammation and promoting recovery

Connections between mode of delivery and the imune system of a child

Na fiziologiju i imunosni sustav djeteta mogu utjecati razne stvari, tokom poroda. Prva i najbitnija stvar je razlika između vaginalnog poroda i poroda carskim rezom. Tijekom vaginalnog poroda dolazi do oksidativnog stresa, hipoksije, interakcija s majčinim hormonima i djelovanja različitih sila na dijete. Carskim rezom dijete sve to izbjegne. Zbog manjka svih tih stresnih situacija i međudjelovanja dijete može razviti anatomske deformacije poput nerazvijenih pluća te imunosni sustav koji nije kompletno razvijen – može imati smanjenu količinu interferona y. Kako bi se takvo nešto spriječilo mogu se koristiti određene tvari poput kortikosteroida, koja potiču razvitak pluća nakon poroda. Carskim rezom se također izbjegava mikrobiom koji se nalazi u vaginalnom traktu. To može prouzročiti oslabljenim imunosnim sustavom i određenim patološkim stanjima poput infekcije. To se može potencijalno riješiti izlaganjem djeteta vaginalnom mikrobiomu nakon poroda. Tijekom vaginalnog poroda uključuju se razni epigenetički mehanizmi koji utječu na ekspresiju gena, a aktivirani su upravo stresom kroz koji dijete prolazi tijekom poroda. Taj stres se smanjuje tijekom poroda carskim rezom, pa samim time i ne dolazi do aktivacije tih mehanizama. U slučaju preranog poroda (prije 37. tjedna trudnoće), dijete ima oslabljen imunosni sustav. Kao i kod normalnog poroda, dijete nema još razvijenu stečenu imunost, nego se oslanja na urođenu. Kod prerano rođene djece, urođena imunost nije do kraja razvijena, zbog manjka leukocita koji su zaslužni za to, pa je dijete podložnije patološkim stanjima poput sepse. Takvo dijete treba izolirati od interakcija s okolišem i pokušati mu razviti imunosni sustav na primjer majčinim mlijekom koje sadrži majčina antitijela.Various things during delivery can have an affect on the physiology and the immune system of a child. The first and most important thing is the difference between a vaginal birth and a Caesarean section. Oxidative stress, hypoxia, interactions with the mother's hormones and the effect of different forces on a child all happen during a vaginal birth and are not present during the Caesarean section. Due to the lack of all these stressful situations and interactions, the child may develop anatomical deformities such as underdeveloped lungs or an underdeveloped immune14 system, e.g. they have a reduced amount of interferon y. To prevent this, certain substances like corticosteroids that stimulate lung development after birth can be used. A microbiom located in the vaginal tract is also avoided with the C-section. That can cause a weakened immune system and certain pathological conditions like infections. This can potentially be solved by exposing the child to the vaginal microbiom after birth. During vaginal labour different epigenetic mechanisms that affect gene expression are activated by the stress that a child goes through during labour. That stress is reduced during Csection so those mechanisms don't get activated. In case of premature delivery (before the 37th week) the child has a weakened immune system. As with normal delivery, the child does not yet have an acquired immune system, but relies on the innate one. The innate immunity is not fully developed in prematurely born children because of the lack of leukocytes responsible for this so the child is more susceptible to pathological conditions such as sepsis. A child born like this needs to be isolated from interactions with the environment and its' immune system development should be helped with the mother's milk which contains the mother's antibodies

Connections between mode of delivery and the imune system of a child

Na fiziologiju i imunosni sustav djeteta mogu utjecati razne stvari, tokom poroda. Prva i najbitnija stvar je razlika između vaginalnog poroda i poroda carskim rezom. Tijekom vaginalnog poroda dolazi do oksidativnog stresa, hipoksije, interakcija s majčinim hormonima i djelovanja različitih sila na dijete. Carskim rezom dijete sve to izbjegne. Zbog manjka svih tih stresnih situacija i međudjelovanja dijete može razviti anatomske deformacije poput nerazvijenih pluća te imunosni sustav koji nije kompletno razvijen – može imati smanjenu količinu interferona y. Kako bi se takvo nešto spriječilo mogu se koristiti određene tvari poput kortikosteroida, koja potiču razvitak pluća nakon poroda. Carskim rezom se također izbjegava mikrobiom koji se nalazi u vaginalnom traktu. To može prouzročiti oslabljenim imunosnim sustavom i određenim patološkim stanjima poput infekcije. To se može potencijalno riješiti izlaganjem djeteta vaginalnom mikrobiomu nakon poroda. Tijekom vaginalnog poroda uključuju se razni epigenetički mehanizmi koji utječu na ekspresiju gena, a aktivirani su upravo stresom kroz koji dijete prolazi tijekom poroda. Taj stres se smanjuje tijekom poroda carskim rezom, pa samim time i ne dolazi do aktivacije tih mehanizama. U slučaju preranog poroda (prije 37. tjedna trudnoće), dijete ima oslabljen imunosni sustav. Kao i kod normalnog poroda, dijete nema još razvijenu stečenu imunost, nego se oslanja na urođenu. Kod prerano rođene djece, urođena imunost nije do kraja razvijena, zbog manjka leukocita koji su zaslužni za to, pa je dijete podložnije patološkim stanjima poput sepse. Takvo dijete treba izolirati od interakcija s okolišem i pokušati mu razviti imunosni sustav na primjer majčinim mlijekom koje sadrži majčina antitijela.Various things during delivery can have an affect on the physiology and the immune system of a child. The first and most important thing is the difference between a vaginal birth and a Caesarean section. Oxidative stress, hypoxia, interactions with the mother's hormones and the effect of different forces on a child all happen during a vaginal birth and are not present during the Caesarean section. Due to the lack of all these stressful situations and interactions, the child may develop anatomical deformities such as underdeveloped lungs or an underdeveloped immune14 system, e.g. they have a reduced amount of interferon y. To prevent this, certain substances like corticosteroids that stimulate lung development after birth can be used. A microbiom located in the vaginal tract is also avoided with the C-section. That can cause a weakened immune system and certain pathological conditions like infections. This can potentially be solved by exposing the child to the vaginal microbiom after birth. During vaginal labour different epigenetic mechanisms that affect gene expression are activated by the stress that a child goes through during labour. That stress is reduced during Csection so those mechanisms don't get activated. In case of premature delivery (before the 37th week) the child has a weakened immune system. As with normal delivery, the child does not yet have an acquired immune system, but relies on the innate one. The innate immunity is not fully developed in prematurely born children because of the lack of leukocytes responsible for this so the child is more susceptible to pathological conditions such as sepsis. A child born like this needs to be isolated from interactions with the environment and its' immune system development should be helped with the mother's milk which contains the mother's antibodies

Effect of peripheral macrophages on neuroinflammation after ischemic brain stroke in mice

U imunosne stanice sa sposobnošću fagocitoze spadaju makrofagi koji se nalaze u cijelom tijelu, dok u mozgu istu funkciju obavljaju stanice mikroglije. Spremište perifernih makrofaga kao i svih imunosnih stanica je slezena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio ustvrditi utjecaj perifernih makrofaga na upalne procese i oporavak nakon izazvanog ishemijskog moždanog udara kod miša. Miševi su podijeljeni u dvije skupine po šest miševa. Jednoj skupini je odstranjena slezena, kako bi se smanjio broj dostupnih makrofaga, dok drugoj nije. Nakon izazivanja moždanog udara miševi su žrtvovani 28. dan i napravljeni su prerezi korteksa, hipokampusa i striatuma. Ti prerezi su bojani imunohistokemijskim metodama na proupalne i specifične stanične markere kako bi se odredila prisutnost makrofaga i mikroglije na mjestu ishemijske ozljede. Nakon statističke obrade pokazano je da je upala jača kod skupine miševa kojoj je odstranjena slezena što ukazuje na važnost makrofaga u ublažavanju upale i potencijalni brži oporavak.Macrophages and microglia are immune cells that belong to the innate immune group of cells and have the capacity to phagocytize. Macrophages can be found throughout the body while microglia can be found in the brain. The main reservoir of peripheral macrophages is the spleen. The aim of this study was to study the effect of peripheral macrophages on neuroinflammation and recovery after ischemic brain stroke in mice. The mice were divided into two groups of six mice. One group underwent splenectomy while the other was sham operated. Ischemic brain stroke was then induced in both groups on the left hemisphere of the brain and mice were sacrificed on the twenty-eigth day, brain slices consisting of the cortex, hippocampus and striatum were made. Those slices were dyed by immunohistochemistry for specific inflammation and cell markers so that the quantity of cells and severeness of inflammation could be measured at the ischemic injury. Results showed that the inflammation was more severe in mice that underwent splenectomy which potentially points to the importance of macrophages in lessening inflammation and promoting recovery

Effect of peripheral macrophages on neuroinflammation after ischemic brain stroke in mice

U imunosne stanice sa sposobnošću fagocitoze spadaju makrofagi koji se nalaze u cijelom tijelu, dok u mozgu istu funkciju obavljaju stanice mikroglije. Spremište perifernih makrofaga kao i svih imunosnih stanica je slezena. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio ustvrditi utjecaj perifernih makrofaga na upalne procese i oporavak nakon izazvanog ishemijskog moždanog udara kod miša. Miševi su podijeljeni u dvije skupine po šest miševa. Jednoj skupini je odstranjena slezena, kako bi se smanjio broj dostupnih makrofaga, dok drugoj nije. Nakon izazivanja moždanog udara miševi su žrtvovani 28. dan i napravljeni su prerezi korteksa, hipokampusa i striatuma. Ti prerezi su bojani imunohistokemijskim metodama na proupalne i specifične stanične markere kako bi se odredila prisutnost makrofaga i mikroglije na mjestu ishemijske ozljede. Nakon statističke obrade pokazano je da je upala jača kod skupine miševa kojoj je odstranjena slezena što ukazuje na važnost makrofaga u ublažavanju upale i potencijalni brži oporavak.Macrophages and microglia are immune cells that belong to the innate immune group of cells and have the capacity to phagocytize. Macrophages can be found throughout the body while microglia can be found in the brain. The main reservoir of peripheral macrophages is the spleen. The aim of this study was to study the effect of peripheral macrophages on neuroinflammation and recovery after ischemic brain stroke in mice. The mice were divided into two groups of six mice. One group underwent splenectomy while the other was sham operated. Ischemic brain stroke was then induced in both groups on the left hemisphere of the brain and mice were sacrificed on the twenty-eigth day, brain slices consisting of the cortex, hippocampus and striatum were made. Those slices were dyed by immunohistochemistry for specific inflammation and cell markers so that the quantity of cells and severeness of inflammation could be measured at the ischemic injury. Results showed that the inflammation was more severe in mice that underwent splenectomy which potentially points to the importance of macrophages in lessening inflammation and promoting recovery

Connections between mode of delivery and the imune system of a child

Na fiziologiju i imunosni sustav djeteta mogu utjecati razne stvari, tokom poroda. Prva i najbitnija stvar je razlika između vaginalnog poroda i poroda carskim rezom. Tijekom vaginalnog poroda dolazi do oksidativnog stresa, hipoksije, interakcija s majčinim hormonima i djelovanja različitih sila na dijete. Carskim rezom dijete sve to izbjegne. Zbog manjka svih tih stresnih situacija i međudjelovanja dijete može razviti anatomske deformacije poput nerazvijenih pluća te imunosni sustav koji nije kompletno razvijen – može imati smanjenu količinu interferona y. Kako bi se takvo nešto spriječilo mogu se koristiti određene tvari poput kortikosteroida, koja potiču razvitak pluća nakon poroda. Carskim rezom se također izbjegava mikrobiom koji se nalazi u vaginalnom traktu. To može prouzročiti oslabljenim imunosnim sustavom i određenim patološkim stanjima poput infekcije. To se može potencijalno riješiti izlaganjem djeteta vaginalnom mikrobiomu nakon poroda. Tijekom vaginalnog poroda uključuju se razni epigenetički mehanizmi koji utječu na ekspresiju gena, a aktivirani su upravo stresom kroz koji dijete prolazi tijekom poroda. Taj stres se smanjuje tijekom poroda carskim rezom, pa samim time i ne dolazi do aktivacije tih mehanizama. U slučaju preranog poroda (prije 37. tjedna trudnoće), dijete ima oslabljen imunosni sustav. Kao i kod normalnog poroda, dijete nema još razvijenu stečenu imunost, nego se oslanja na urođenu. Kod prerano rođene djece, urođena imunost nije do kraja razvijena, zbog manjka leukocita koji su zaslužni za to, pa je dijete podložnije patološkim stanjima poput sepse. Takvo dijete treba izolirati od interakcija s okolišem i pokušati mu razviti imunosni sustav na primjer majčinim mlijekom koje sadrži majčina antitijela.Various things during delivery can have an affect on the physiology and the immune system of a child. The first and most important thing is the difference between a vaginal birth and a Caesarean section. Oxidative stress, hypoxia, interactions with the mother's hormones and the effect of different forces on a child all happen during a vaginal birth and are not present during the Caesarean section. Due to the lack of all these stressful situations and interactions, the child may develop anatomical deformities such as underdeveloped lungs or an underdeveloped immune14 system, e.g. they have a reduced amount of interferon y. To prevent this, certain substances like corticosteroids that stimulate lung development after birth can be used. A microbiom located in the vaginal tract is also avoided with the C-section. That can cause a weakened immune system and certain pathological conditions like infections. This can potentially be solved by exposing the child to the vaginal microbiom after birth. During vaginal labour different epigenetic mechanisms that affect gene expression are activated by the stress that a child goes through during labour. That stress is reduced during Csection so those mechanisms don't get activated. In case of premature delivery (before the 37th week) the child has a weakened immune system. As with normal delivery, the child does not yet have an acquired immune system, but relies on the innate one. The innate immunity is not fully developed in prematurely born children because of the lack of leukocytes responsible for this so the child is more susceptible to pathological conditions such as sepsis. A child born like this needs to be isolated from interactions with the environment and its' immune system development should be helped with the mother's milk which contains the mother's antibodies