Primjena EU Direktive o odgovornosti za štetu u okolišu u parnicama vezanima za posljedice klimatskih promjena

In 2001, the administration of the U.S. president George W. Bush completely pulled out from the possibility to adopt the Kyoto Protocol. This, as well as the lack of the adequate policy and legislation necessary to tackle the issue of global warming and impacts of climate change caused the shift of creating the appropriate legislative regime from the regulatory and executive levels of political power to the courts, hence causing important development of the climate change litigation. Subject litigation is not only the U.S. but also a global phenomenon. It can be encountered in Europe in spite of its very advanced environmental and climate change legal regimes. The validity of this statement is however questionable, particularly with respect to the level of effectiveness and applicability of the EU Environmental Liability Directive (the “ELD”) in the climate change litigation. Unfortunately, ELD does not provide for the complete and comprehensive liability regime that would ensure proper liability regulation related to the environmental issues. In fact, some say that its name should be Environmental Responsibility Directive. The aim of this paper is to determine the level of the applicability of the ELD in the climate change litigation, its limits and potential problems. For that purpose, the author examines the existing legislative regimes and climate change litigation cases in the U.S. and at the EU level. The paper will end with a short study on the status of the climate change litigation and potentially applicable regime in Croatia (including the ELD). Overall conclusion is that the applicability of the ELD in the climate change litigation is very limited.Ured američkog predsjednika George W. Busha je 2001. godine u potpunosti napustio mogućnost usvajanja Kyoto Proktokola. Ovo, zajedno s nedostatkom primjerene politike i zakonodavstva potrebnog za rješavanje pitanja globalnog zatopljenja, uz prisutne posljedice klimatskih promjena, uzrokovale su pomicanje kreiranja odgovorajuće legislative sa zakonodavne i izvršne vlasti na sudove, doprinoseći tako važnom razvoju parničenja vezanog za klimatske promjene. Predmetno parničenje nije samo američki već i svjetski fenomen. Moguće ga je pronaći i u Europi, i to unatoč činjenici postojanja naprednih pravnih režima za zaštitu okoliša i klimatske promjene. Međutim, vjerodostojnost ove izjave je upitna, posebno kada se uzme u obzir nivo učinkovitosti i primjene Europske Direktive za odgovornost za štete u okolišu (EU Environmental Liability Directive - Direktiva) u parnicama vezanima za klimatske promjene. Naime, Direktiva ne predstavlja potpuni i sveobuhvatni režim odgovornosti kojim bi se osigurala adekvatna regulativa za odgovornosti proizišle iz područja zaštite okoliša. Neki su mišljenja da bi se Direktiva trebala zvati Environmental Responsibility Directive (Napomena: Engleski jezik pravi razliku između rječi “liability” i “responsibility”). Cilj ovog članka je utvrditi nivo adekvatnosti primjene Direktive u parnicama vazanima za klimatske promjene, njezine limite u takvoj primjeni i potencijalne probleme. U tu svrhu, autor ispituje postojeći pravni režim kao i slučajeve parničenja vezanog za klimatske promjene u SAD-u, ali i na nivou Europske Unije. Članak završava kratkom studijom parničenja vezanog uz klimatske promjene i postojeći pravni režim u Hrvatskoj (uključujući i samu Direktivu). Konačni zaključak je da je mogućnost primjene Direktive u parnicama vezanima za klimatske promjene ograničena

Bio-coal from forest biomass - Ecological benefits of application and description of the production cycle

U završnome radu opisane su najnovije tehnologije proizvodnje biougljena iz šumske biomase s naglaskom na korištenje šumskoga ostatka. Prikazane su ekološke pogodnosti biougljena u odnosu na asimilaciju ugljikovoga dioksida iz zraka i u odnosu na veće korištenje obnovljivih izvora energije. Također je opisana primjena biougljena u različitim područjima i dobivanje energije koja nastaje kao nusproizvod pri proizvodnji biougljena. U radu je prikazan konkretan primjer proizvodnje biougljena s opisom proizvodnoga ciklusa

ZAŠTITA INFORMACIJSKOG SUSTAVA OD RANSOMWARE NAPADA

Sadržaj ovog rada prikazuje najveću informatičku sigurnosnu prijetnju današnjice zvana Ransomware. Svrha ovog rada je prikazati kako se korisnik može zaraziti od ovakve prijetnje, kako ova prijetnja funkcionira, što se očekuje od Ransomware-a u budućnosti i na kraju kako se zaštiti od ovakvoga napada. Praktični dio rada je prikazan sa nekoliko sigurnosnih politika koje se mogu upotrijebiti u većini informatičkih sustava. Svaki informatički sustav je jedinstven za sebe i ponekad nije moguće implementirati sve navedene sigurnosne politike, ali to ne znači da se ne može zaštiti već samo treba napraviti prilagodbu u implementiranju sigurnosnih politika.The content of this article shows the biggest security threat called Ransomware. The purpose of this paper is to show how a user can be infected with this threat, how this threat works, what is expected of Ransomware in the future and ultimately how to protect it from this attack. Practical part of the work is presented with several security policies that can be used in most IT systems. Each IT system is unique for itself and sometimes it is not possible to implement all of the security policies mentioned, but this does not mean that it can not be protected but needs only adaptation to the implementation of security policies

Botryoid Wilms tumor: a non-existent "entity" causing diagnostic and staging difficulties

Wilms tumors growing in a botryoid fashion into the renal pelvis have been reported since the 1960s as a rare tumor type usually associated with stromal histology and a good prognosis. However, the true frequency, association with Wilms tumor subtypes, and stage have never been comprehensively studied. We analyzed all Wilms tumors enrolled into the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) United Kingdom 2001 Trial (2001-2011), which showed botryoid growth. In addition, we reviewed published series reporting papers on botryoid Wilms tumors. 77/739 patients (10.4%) showed at least one Wilms tumor with a botryoid pattern, and they were sub-classified according to the SIOP criteria as follows: 28 stromal, 21 mixed, 7 regressive, 3 completely necrotic, 4 blastemal, 2 epithelial, 3 diffuse anaplasia, 1 focal anaplasia, and 10 non-anaplastic type (treated with primary surgery). Stage was as follows: 25 stage I, 21 stage II, 12 stage III, 11 stage IV, and 8 stage V. In six cases, local pathologists incorrectly upstaged the tumor from stage I to stage II based on botryoid growth. The event-free and overall survivals were 90 and 96%, respectively. We concluded that botryoid growth pattern is a common finding in Wilms tumor and that all histological types and stages can share this feature. The botryoid growth itself is not a criterion for stage II. Botryoid Wilms tumor is not an entity but merely represents a pattern of tumor growth; such tumors should be sub-classified according to their overall histological features, which will determine treatment and prognosis

Molecular detection and genotyping of Toxooplasma gondiistrains isolated in Serbia

Тоksоplаzmоzа, оbоlјеnjе kоје izаzivа pаrаzit Toxoplasma gondii, јеdnа je оd nајrаsprоstrаnjеniјih zооnоzа u svеtu, i prоcеnjuје sе dа је čаk јеdnа trеćinа čоvеčаnstvа inficirаnа оvim pаrаzitоm. Iаkо sеrоlоški tеstоvi prеdstаvlјајu primаrnu mеtоdu u rutinskој diјаgnоstici tоksоplаzmоzе, intеrprеtаciја rеzultаtа sеrоlоških аnаlizа u nеkim kliničkim slučајеvimа mоžе biti kоmplikоvаnа i dugоtrајnа, а nеrеtkо i nеdоvоlјnо infоrmаtivnа. Zbоg tоgа је uvоđеnjе mоlеkulаrnih mеtоdа kоје inаčе оdlikuје vеlikа оsеtlјivоst i pоmоću kојih је mоgućе dоbiti rеzultаtе u krаtkоm vrеmеnskоm pеriоdu, оd vеlikоg znаčаја zа diјаgnоstiku tоksоplаzmоzе. Оtudа је cilј оvоg istrаživаnjа biо uvоđеnjе mоlеkulаrnе diјаgnоstikе tоksоplаzmоzе pо prvi put u Srbiјi, kао i gеnоtipizаciја izоlоvаnih sојеvа T. gondii. Оvоm studiјоm је оbuhvаćеnо 160 uzоrаkа pоrеklоm оd 127 pаciјеnаtа sеrоlоški suspеktnih nа tоksоplаzmоzu, kоd kојih је prisustvо T. gondii аnаlizirаnо PCR-оm u rеаlnоm vrеmеnu i biоlоškim оglеdоm. Pоkаzаnо је dа uspеšnоst dоkаzivаnjа DNK T. gondii u mаtеriјаlu humаnоg pоrеklа zаvisi kаkо оd tipа mаtеriјаlа tаkо i оd ukupnе zаprеminе mаtеriјаlа оd kојеg sе uzimа uzоrаk. Таkо је PCR u rеаlnоm vrеmеnu biо pоzitivаn u 30,8% uzоrаkа pеrifеrnе krvi, u 33,3% uzоrаkа krvi iz pupčаnikа, u 35,7% uzоrаkа plоdоvih vоdа, u 57,1% uzоrаkа likvоrа i u 60% uzоrаkа оčnih vоdicа. U оdnоsu nа izоlаciјu pаrаzitа biоlоškim оglеdоm, pоkаzаnа је znаtnо višа stоpа dеtеkciје DNK T. gondii, i tо i u uzоrcimа krvi оd pаciјеnаtа suspеktnih nа аkutnu tоksоplаzmоzu tаkо i u оnimа pоrеklоm оd fеtusа i nоvоrоđеnčаdi suspеktnih nа kоngеnitаlnu tоksоplаzmоzu. Dоbiјеni rеzultаti ukаzuјu prе svеgа nа vеliki pоtеnciјаl i prаktični znаčај mоlеkulаrnе diјаgnоstikе kао i nа pоtrеbu uvоđеnjа оvе mеtоdе kао dеlа stаndаrdnоg prоtоkоlа zа diјаgnоstiku tоksоplаzmоzе...Toxoplasmosis, infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world and it has been estimated that up to one third of the global human population is infected with this parasite. Although serological tests are the primary method in the routine diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, interpretation of the results can be not only difficult and time-consuming, but they can be inconclusive. Therefore, the introduction of highly sensitive molecular methods, by which results can be obtained within a day, into the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is of great importance. The aim of this research was the introduction of molecular methods into the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis for the first time in Serbia, as well as genotypization of the isolated T. gondii strains. This study included 160 human biological samples from 127 patients serologically suspected of toxoplasmosis in which the presence of T. gondii was analyzed by PCR and by bioassay in mice. It was found that the detection of T. gondii DNA in human biological materials depends on the type of sample as well as on the initial volume. Real-time PCR was positive in 30.8% of peripheral blood samples, 33.3% of cord blood samples, 35.7% of amniotic fluid samples, 57.1% of CSF samples and 60% of humor aqueous samples. The detection rate of T. gondii by molecular methods was higher than by bioassay, in both blood samples from adults suspected of acute toxoplasmosis and samples from fetuses and newborns suspected of congenital toxoplasmosis. The results of this study emphasize the huge practical importance and potential of molecular diagnostics and show the benefit of introducing this method as part of the standard protocol for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis..

Bio-coal from forest biomass - Ecological benefits of application and description of the production cycle

U završnome radu opisane su najnovije tehnologije proizvodnje biougljena iz šumske biomase s naglaskom na korištenje šumskoga ostatka. Prikazane su ekološke pogodnosti biougljena u odnosu na asimilaciju ugljikovoga dioksida iz zraka i u odnosu na veće korištenje obnovljivih izvora energije. Također je opisana primjena biougljena u različitim područjima i dobivanje energije koja nastaje kao nusproizvod pri proizvodnji biougljena. U radu je prikazan konkretan primjer proizvodnje biougljena s opisom proizvodnoga ciklusa