100 research outputs found
Short communication: Pepino mosaic virus, a new threat for Serbia’s tomatoes
Aim of study: To report the occurrence of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) on tomato in Serbia and to genetically characterize Serbian PepMV isolates.Area of study: Tomato samples showing virus-like symptoms were collected in the Bogojevce locality (Jablanica District, Serbia).Material and methods: Collected tomato samples were assayed by DAS-ELISA using antisera against eight economically important or quarantine tomato viruses. Three selected isolates of naturally infected tomato plants were mechanically transmitted to tomato ‘Novosadski jabučar’ seedlings. For confirmation of PepMV infection, RT-PCR was performed using specific primers PepMV TGB F/PepMV UTR R. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed with 47 complete CP gene sequences of PepMV to determine the genetic relationship of Serbian PepMV isolates with those from other parts of the world.Main results: The results of DAS-ELISA indicated the presence of PepMV in all tested samples. Mechanically inoculated ‘Novosadski jabučar’ seedlings expressed yellow spots and light and dark green patches, bubbling, and curled leaves. All tested tomato plants were RT-PCR positive for the presence of PepMV. The CP sequence analysis revealed that the Serbian PepMV isolates were completely identical among themselves and shared the highest nucleotide identity of 95.1% (99.2% aa identity) with isolate from Spain (FJ263341). Phylogenetic analysis showed clustering of the Serbian PepMV isolates into CH2 strain, but they formed separate subgroup within CH2 strain.Research highlights: This is the first data of the presence of PepMV in protected tomato production in Serbia. Considering increased incidence and rapid spread in Europe, the presence of PepMV on tomato could therefore represent serious threat to this valuable crop in Serbia
Učestalost pojave i molekularna karakterizacija virusa mozaika lubenice poreklom iz Srbije
Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) is widespread in cucurbit crops, most commonly occuring
in temperate and Mediterranean regions. In Serbia WMV has been detected in single and
mixed infections with Zucchini yellow mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus in field-grown
pumpkin and squash crops. Among pumpkin-affecting viruses WMV is the most frequent
one, both by the number of localities and its incidence at each location. During the growing
season of 2009, samples from 583 plants of Cucurbita pepo cvs. Olinka, Belgrade zucchini
and Tosca (Zucchini group), as well as from C. maxima and C. moschata showing symptoms
of virus infection were collected from 12 commercial fields at eight localities and analyzed
by DAS-ELISA using polyclonal antisera specific to six most important cucurbit viruses.
Interestingly, WMV was detected at fewer sites and had lower incidence rate than in two previous
years. In single infections, WMV was found in 11% of tested plants in three fields; in mixed
infections with ZYMV, it was recorded in 9.9% of plants in five fields and with CMV in only 0.2%
in one field. The partial coat protein gene and 3’ non-translated region from two representative
isolates of WMV originating from different localities and host plant species were amplified
by RT-PCR, sequenced, and compared with the sequences available in GenBank database.
The PCR-amplified fragment of predicted size of approximately 1017 bp was obtained. The
sequences of isolates 137-08 (Acc. No. GQ259958) and 159-08 (GU144020) proved to be 94-99%
identical at the nucleotide level with those from other parts of the world. The sequences of
these two isolates differed from each other only at two nucleotide positions, without any amino
acid substitution. Phylogenetic analysis of 57 isolates based on 750 bp sequences of the
coat protein gene showed no correlation between isolates and their geographic origin, and it
also indicated that these isolates fell into three molecular groups of strains. Serbian WMV isolates
belong to group I, the most widespread group of isolates of this virus in the world.Virus mozaika lubenice (Watermelon mosaic virus, WMV) široko je rasprostranjen u usevima
vrežastih kultura, mada se najčešće javlja na Mediteranu i regionima sa umerenom klimom.
U Srbiji, WMV je detektovan u pojedinačnim i mešanim infekcijama sa virusom žutog mozaika
cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV) i virusom mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic
virus, CMV) u usevima tikava i bundeva gajenim na otvorenom polju. Od virusa tikava, WMV
je često prevalentan virus, kako po broju lokaliteta u kojima je dokazan, tako i po učestalosti
u samom usevu. Iz ukupno 12 komercijalnih useva na osam lokaliteta, 2009. godine sakupljeno
je 583 biljaka Cucurbita pepo cvs. Olinka, Beogradska tikvica i Tosca (cukini forma), kao i C.
maxima i C. moschata, sa simptomima virusnih zaraza, koje su analizirane na prisustvo šest najznačajnijih
virusa tikava primenom DAS-ELISA metode. WMV je detektovan na manjem broju
lokaliteta i u manjoj učestalosti u poređenju sa prethodne dve vegetacije. U pojedinačnim
infekcijama, WMV je detektovan u 11% testiranih biljaka u tri useva, a u mešanim sa ZYMV u
9,9% testiranih biljaka u pet useva i sa CMV u 0,2% testiranih biljaka u jednom usevu. Deo gena
za protein omotača virusa i deo 3’ neprepisujućeg regiona dva odabrana izolata WMV poreklom
iz različitih lokaliteta i biljaka domaćina umnožen je primenom RT-PCR metode, sekvencioniran
i upoređen sa sekvencama dostupnim u GenBank bazi podataka. Dobijen je PCR
produkt očekivane veličine od 1017 bp. Sekvence izolata 137-08 (Acc. No. GQ259958) i 159-08
(GU144020) pokazale su 94-99% nukleotidne identičnosti sa izolatima WMV iz drugih delova
sveta. Sekvence ova dva izolata razlikovala su se jedna od druge samo u dva nukleotidna mesta
što nije imalo za posledicu aminokiselinske supstitucije. Filogenetske analize 57 izolata, na
osnovu 750 bp sekvence gena za protein omotača, nisu ukazale na korelaciju sa geografskim
poreklom izolata, a pokazala su grupisanje izolata u tri molekularne grupe sojeva. Izolati WMV
iz Srbije pripadaju grupi I, grupi koja obuhvata najrasprostranjenije izolate ovog virusa u svetu
Biološka varijabilnost virusa žutog mozaika cukinija u Srbiji
Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) has become an important pathogen of cucurbits
over the past 20 years. In our country, this virus also causes significant losses, especially in
oil pumpkin production. Although ZYMV variability has been extensively studied worldwide
by biological and molecular characterization, such information is still limited for the
European region. Herein, we present the first analysis of phenotypic variations of ZYMV isolates
sampled from oil pumpkin cv. Olinka from different locations in Serbia during 2008.
Twelve isolates were obtained by mechanical inoculation on the C. pepo hybrid Ezra F1, and
four of them were chosen for further detailed biological study. These investigated isolates
exhibited different phenotypical features and thus represented different variants, concerning
their host range, and type and severity of symptoms. A previously developed primer
pair, ZYMV CPfwd/CPrev, was tested to determine its suitability for detection of Serbian
ZYMV isolates. Amplification of Serbian ZYMV isolates of different origin, in single and
mixed infection, resulted in one distinctive band. The used primer pair proved to be useful
not only for routine molecular detection, but also for further molecular characterization of
Serbian ZYMV isolates because it amplifies the hypervariable genomic region of ZYMV.
The result obtained in this study is a contribution to investigation of genetic diversity
of Serbian ZYMV isolates and their molecular relationship with ZYMV isolates from
other parts of the world.Poslednjih 20 godina virus žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV)
se javlja kao značajan patogen biljaka iz familije tikava. Kod nas ovaj virus, takođe, izaziva
značajne gubitke, naročito u proizvodnji uljane tikve. Iako je biološka i molekularna varijabilnost
ZYMV dosta ispitivana, još uvek nema dovoljno informacija o varijabilnosti evropskih
izolata ovog virusa. Ovaj rad predstavlja prvu analizu fenotipske varijabilnosti izolata ZYMV
poreklom iz Srbije, koji su tokom 2008. godine sakupljeni iz različitih lokaliteta gajenja uljane
tikve sorte Olinka. Mehaničkim inokulacijama C. pepo hibrid Ezra F1, dobijeno je 12 izolata,
od kojih su četiri odabrana za dalju biološku karakterizaciju. Na osnovu različitog kruga
domaćina, tipa i jačine simptoma na test-biljkama, utvrđena je fenotipska varijabilnost ispitivanih
izolata. Par prajmera ZYMV CPfwd/Cprev testiran je radi utvrđivanja pogodnosti za
rutinsku detekciju izolata ZYMV poreklom iz Srbije. Na osnovu pojave traka očekivane veličine
u gelu, ZYMV je detektovan i u pojedinačnim i mešanim infekcijama u biljkama sa različitih
lokaliteta, što dokazuje pogodnost ovih prajmera. Kako ovi prajmeri amplifikuju hipervarijabilni
deo genoma virusa, pogodni su ne samo za rutinsku molekularnu detekciju, već
i za molekularnu karakterizaciju izolata ZYMV iz Srbije.
Rezultati dobijeni u ovom radu omogućiće dalja proučavanja genetičke varijabilnosti
izolata ZYMV iz Srbije, kao i njihove evolutivne povezanosti sa izolatima iz drugih delova
sveta
Novi pravci primene otpornosti tikava u kontroli virusnih oboljenja
As there is a growing frequency of viral plant diseases in epidemic proportions, the
possibilities for successful control are constantly being explored. Despite the fact that integral
and simultaneous employment of numerous control measures may contribute to the
decreasing amount of yield losses, especially concerning non-persistently aphid-transmitted
viruses, these measures are often not efficient enough. Research into the basis of resistance
to viral infection and principles of its inheritance, introduction of sources of resistance
in susceptible genotypes, by conventional or genetic manipulations, are very intensive
for cucurbit crops, especially pumpkins. Pumpkin crops are being endangered by a
great number of different viruses, among which the Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, (ZYMV),
Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are present every year in
Serbia, frequently causing epidemics.
The majority of pumpkin cultivars are not resistant or tolerant to viral infections, but
sources of resistance have been identified in various related species. So far, the identified
sources of resistance to the ZYMV are found in Cucurbita moschata and Citrullus lanatus var.
lanatus genotypes and consist of one or several major dominant genes of resistance. It is a
similar case with WMV, although the sources of dominant major genes are identified in C.
lanatus and C. colocynthis. The sources of resistance to CMV in the form of one dominant
gene have been identified in the genotype C. moschata, although the introduction of this
gene by conventional means proved to be very difficult. Besides the aforementioned, substantial
efforts are being made in developing genotypes with multiple resistance against
several viruses and even other pathogens, as well as genotypes with resistance to the most
significant plant aphid species, through mechanisms of antixenosis or antibiosis.
The other way of obtaining resistant genotypes includes genetic manipulation.
Genetically modified resistant pumpkins have been among the first successfully developed
crops. Genotypes with pathogen derived resistance can already be found in commercially
grown pumpkins in some parts of the world, and they have been developed by introducing
the coat protein gene of one, two or all three viruses which are the most frequent,
ZYMV, WMV and CMV. Yet, this approach to the control of pumpkin viral diseases is related
to possible negative consequences, mostly through the already detected gene transfer
to wild plants and development of resistant transgenic weeds of unpredictable impact
on the environment.
Improved host plant genetic resistance to viral infections or biological vectors, developed
by conventional or genetic engineering methods, represents the most dynamic and
prominent field of research. It is economically and ecologically the most justified approach
to the control of pumpkin and other plant diseases caused by viruses non-persistently
transmitted by aphids.Kako je pojava brojnih viroza gajenih biljaka u epidemijskim razmerama sve češća, mogućnosti
za uspešnu kontrolu stalno se ispituju. Integralna i istovremena primena brojnih
pojedinačnih mera kontrole, naročito u slučaju virusa koji se prenose biljnim vašima na neperzistentan
način, mogu da doprinesu smanjenju šteta, ali često nisu dovoljno efikasne.
Proučavanja osnova otpornosti i načina nasleđivanja, unošenje izvora otpornosti u osetljive
genotipove, konvencionalnim ili genetičkim manipulacijama, vrlo su intenzivna kod vrežastih
kultura, posebno tikve. Tikve ugrožava veliki broj raznorodnih virusa od kojih se u Srbiji
svake godine javljaju virus žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV), virus
mozaika lubenice (Watermelon mosaic virus, WMV) i virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic
virus, CMV), a pojedinih godina izazivaju epidemije.
Većina sorti gajenih tikava ne poseduje otpornost ili tolerantnost na virusne zaraze, ali
izvori otpornosti identifikovani su u različitim srodnim vrstama. Do sada identifikovani izvori
otpornosti na ZYMV nalaze se u genotipovima Cucurbita moschata i Citrullus lanatus var.
lanatus i obuhvataju jedan ili nekoliko major gena rezistentnosti koji se nasleđuju dominantno.
Slična situacija je i sa WMV, mada su izvori dominantnih major gena identifikovani u C.
lanatus i C. colocynthis. Izvor otpornosti na CMV u vidu jednog dominantnog gena identifikovan
je u genotipu C. moschata, mada je unošenje ovog gena konvencionalnim putem bilo
veoma teško. Pored toga, veliki napori ulažu se u dobijenje genotipova sa istovremenom
otpornošću na više virusa čak i drugih patogena, kao i genotipova koji ispoljavaju otpornost
na najznačajnije vrste biljnih vaši, kroz mehanizme antiksenoze ili antibioze.
Drugi pravac dobijanja otpornih genotipova podrazumeva genetičke manipulacije. Genetski
modifikovane otporne tikve su među prvima, od svih gajenih biljaka, uspešno razvijene.
Genotipovi sa PD (pathogen derived) otpornošću već se nalaze u komercijalnoj proizvodnji
tikava u nekim delovima sveta i dobijeni su unošenjem gena za CP (coat protein)
jednog, dva ili sva tri u svetu najraširenija virusa, ZYMV, WMW i CMV. Ipak, ovaj prilaz kontroli
virusnih oboljenja tikava vezan je za uočene moguće negativne posledice, pre svega kroz
već registrovan transfer gena u biljke spontane flore i nastanak otpornih transgenih korova
nepredvidljivog ponašanja i značaja u prirodi.
Poboljšana genetička otpornost biljke domaćina bilo na infekciju virusima, bilo na biološke
vektore, dobijena konvencionalnim ili metodama genetičkog inženjeringa predstavlja
najdinamičnije i najperspektivnije polje istraživanja kao ekonomski i ekološki najopravdaniji
pristup kontroli oboljenja tikava i drugih biljaka koje izazivaju virusi koji se neperzistetno
prenose biljnim vašima
Prisustvo i rasprostranjenost virusa uljane tikve i molekularna detekcija virusa žutog mozaika cukinija
Over the past decade, intensive spread of virus infections of oilseed pumpkin has resulted
in significant economic losses in pumpkin crop production, which is currently expanding
in our country. In 2007 and 2008, a survey for the presence and distribution of oilseed
pumpkin viruses was carried out in order to identify viruses responsible for epidemics and
incidences of very destructive symptoms on cucurbit leaves and fruits. Monitoring and
collecting samples of oil pumpkin, as well as other species such as winter and butternut
squash and buffalo and bottle gourd with viral infection symptoms, was conducted in several
localities of Vojvodina Province. The collected plant samples were tested by DAS-ELISA
using polyclonal antisera specific for the detection of six most economically harmful pumpkin
viruses: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon
mosaic virus (WMW), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Tobacco
ringspot virus (TRSV) that are included in A1 quarantine list of harmful organisms in Serbia.
Identification of viruses in the collected samples indicated the presence of three viruses,
ZYMV, WMV and CMV, in individual and mixed infections. Frequency of the identified
viruses varied depending on locality and year of investigations. In 2007, WMV was the most
frequent virus (94.2%), while ZYMV was prevalent (98.04%) in 2008.
High frequency of ZYMV determined in both years of investigation indicated the need
for its rapid and reliable molecular detection. During this investigation, a protocol for ZYMV
detection was developed and optimized using specific primers CPfwd/Cprev and commercial
kits for total RNA extraction, as well as for RT-PCR. In RT-PCR reaction using these
primers, a DNA fragment of approximately 1100 bp, which included coat protein gene,
was amplified in the samples of infected pumkin leaves. Although serological methods
are still useful for large-scale testing of a great number of samples, this protocol, due to its
high sensitivity and specificity, is an important improvement in rapid diagnosis of diseases
caused by this virus. In addition, the protocol provides a basis for further characterization of
ZYMV isolates originating from Serbia.Intenzivno širenje virusa infektivnih za uljanu tikvu (Cucurbita pepo), poslednjih deset
godina imalo je za posledicu značajne ekonomske gubitke u proizvodnji ove kulture koja
se gaji na sve većim površinama u našoj zemlji. Kako bi se identifikovali virusi, odgovorni za
epidemijsku pojavu i ispoljavanje veoma destruktivnih simptoma na lišću i plodovima uljane
tikve, tokom 2007. i 2008. sprovedeno je ispitivanje njihove pojave i rasprostranjenosti.
Pregled i sakupljanje uzoraka uljane tikve, kao i nekih drugih vrsta tikava, kao što su bundeva,
muskatna i bizonska tikva i vrg sa simptomima virusnih zaraza, obavljeno je na više različitih
lokaliteta gajenja uljane tikve u Vojvodini. Sakupljeni uzorci testirani su DAS-ELISA metodom
primenom poliklonalnih antiseruma specifičnih za detekciju u svetu šest ekonomski
najznačajnijih virusa tikava: virusa mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), virusa
žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV), virusa mozaika lubenice
(Watermelon mosaic virus, WMW), virusa mozaika bundeve (Squash mosaic virus, SqMV), virusa
prstenaste pegavosti papaje (Papaya ringspot virus, PRSV) i virusa prstenaste pegavosti
duvana (Tobacco ringspot virus, TRSV), koji se nalazi na A1 karantinskoj listi štetnih organizama
u Srbiji.
Identifikacija virusa u sakupljenim uzorcima ukazala je na prisustvo tri virusa, ZYMV,
WMV i CMV, koji su se javili u pojedinačnim ili mešanim infekcijama. Njihova učestalost je
po pojedinim godinama i lokalitetima bila različita. Tokom 2007. najčešće je dokazan WMV
(94,2%), dok je 2008. godine prevalentan virus bio ZYMV (98,04%).
Velika učestalost ZYMV u obe godine ispitivanja ukazala je na potrebu za brzom i pouzdanom
molekularnom detekcijom ovog virusa. U toku ovih istraživanja razvijen je i optimizovan
protokol za detekciju ZYMV primenom specifičnih prajmera CPfwd/CPrev i komercijalnih
kitova za ekstrakciju ukupne RNA i RT-PCR. Korišćenjem ovih prajmera, kojim se amplifikuje
deo genoma ZYMV kojim je obuhvaćen i gen za proteinski omotač, umnožen je DNK
fragment dužine oko 1100 bp iz lišća zaraženih biljaka. Mada serološke metode i dalje imaju
veliku prednost u primeni za masovna testiranja velikog broja uzoraka, razvijeni protokol
molekularne detekcije, zbog visoke osetljivosti i specifičnosti predstavlja značajno poboljšanje brze dijagnoze oboljenja koja ovaj virus izaziva. Osim toga, ovaj protokol pruža osnovu
za dalju karakterizaciju ZYMV izolata poreklom iz Srbije
Karakterizacija virusa mozaika krastavca poreklom iz tikava u Srbiji
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is considered one of the most economically important
plant viruses and has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range including plants
from family Cucurbitaceae. In Serbia, on cucurbits CMV was detected in single and mixed
infections with Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV). Viruses,
including CMV, are constantly present in cucurbit crops, but their frequency changes
by year and locality. Surveys and sample collections were conducted in cucurbit crops in
the period from 2008 to 2009 at 15 localities in Vojvodina province, and sample testing was
carried out using the DAS-ELISA method and commercially available antisera for six economically
most important cucurbit viruses. In 2008, a total of 51 samples were collected from
13 cucurbit crops of oilseed pumpkin Olinka variety, squash, and bottle gourd and CMV was
detected in a total of 55% of tested samples with symptoms of viral infection. The most common
infectious type was mixed infection with ZYMV and WMV (35.3%), and then mixed
infection with ZYMV (17.7%) and WMV (2%). A total of 599 symptomatic samples of oilseed
pumpkin Olinka variety, zucchini squash varieties Beogradska and Tosca, squash, and winter
squash were collected in 15 cucurbits crops in 2009. CMV was present in 4.4% of total
collected samples, in single infections in 1.3%, and in mixed with WMV or ZYMV in 1.3%, and
1.8%. Five CMV isolates were obtained by mechanical inoculations of N. glutinosa and one
of them was selected for further biological characterization. Test plants which were described
to be hosts of CMV expressed symptoms characteristic for those caused by CMV after
inoculations by isolate 115-08. CMV specific primers Au1u/Au2d were used to amplify an
850 bp fragment using RT-PCR method. Amplified fragment encodes the entire viral coat
protein (CP) gene and partial 5’ and 3’ UTRs of two selected CMV isolates. Amplified fragments
were sequenced and deposited in the NCBI, where they were assigned accession
numbers, HM065510 (115-08) and HM065509 (151-08). The sequences of CMV isolates from
Serbia shared the highest nucleotide and amino acid identity with isolates from subgroup
IA, from 99.5 to 97.4% and 99.1 to 97.4%, and the lowest identities were with the subgroup II
isolates from 66.9 to 64, 5%, from 75.8 to 74.1%.Virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) je veoma široko rasprostranjen i jedan je
od ekonomski najznačajnijih virusa za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju, sa veoma širokim krugom
domaćina u koji spada i veliki broj gajenih biljaka, među kojima i predstavnici familije
Cucurbitaceae. Epidemiologija ovog virusa je veoma složena, zbog čega je i njegova kontrola
otežana. Na tikvama u Srbiji CMV je detektovan u pojedinačnim i mešanim infekcijama sa virusom
žutog mozaika cukinija (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV) i virusom mozaika lubenice
(Watermelon mosaic virus, WMV). Virusi, pa tako i CMV, su stalno prisutni u usevima tikava, ali se njihova
učetalost menja po godinama i lokalitetima. Pregledi terena i sakupljanje uzoraka tikava
obavljeni su u periodu 2008-2009. godine na 15 lokaliteta gajenja tikava u Vojvodini, a testiranje
sakupljenih uzoraka izvršeno je primenom DAS-ELISA metode i komercijalno dostupnih antiseruma
za šest ekonomski najznačajnih virusa tikava u svetu. Tokom 2008. godine u 13 useva gajenih
tikava sakupljen je ukupno 51 uzorak uljane tikve sorte Olinka, bundeve i vrga, a CMV je detektovan
u ukupno 55% testiranih uzoraka sa simptomima virusnih zaraza. CMV je najčešće bio
detektovan u mešanoj infekciji sa ZYMV i WMV (35,3%), a zatim u mešanoj infekciji sa ZYMV
(17,7%) i sa WMV (2%). Ukupno 599 simptomatičnih uzoraka uljane tikve sorte Olinka, tikvica sorti
Beogradska i Toska, bundeve i muskatne tikve sakupljeno je u 15 useva tokom 2009. godine. U
sakupljenim uzorcima CMV je bio prisutan u ukupno 4,4% testiranih uzoraka. U pojedinačnim infekcijama
u 1,3%, a u mešanim sa WMV ili ZYMV u 1,3%, odnosno 1,8% testiranih uzoraka.
Mehaničkim inokulacijama N. glutinosa dobijeno je pet izolata CMV od kojih je jedan izabran za
dalju biološku karakterizaciju. Odabrani izolat (115-08) izazvao je na test biljkama koje su opisane
kao domaćini CMV pojavu karakterističnih simptoma. Specifičnim prajmerima CMV Au1u/Au2d
uz upotrebu RT-PCR metode umnožen je deo genoma od oko 850 bp koji kodira ceo protein
omotača virusa i delove 5’ i 3’ neprepisujućih regiona dva odabrana izolata CMV. Amplifikovani
fragmenti su sekvencionirani i prijavljeni u NCBI, gde su im dodeljeni pristupni brojevi, HM065510
(115-08) i HM065509 (151-08). Sekvence CMV izolata iz Srbije dele najveću nukleotidnu i aminokiselinsku
sličnost sa izolatima iz podgrupe IA, od 99,5 do 97,4%, odnosno 99,1 do 97,4%, a najmanju
sa izolatima II podgrupe od 66,9 do 64,5%, odnosno od 75,8 do 74,1%
Prisustvo i molekularna karakterizacija virusa mozaika lucerke u usevu duvana u Srbiji
Three-year investigation of the presence and distribution of tobacco viruses in Serbia
revealed that Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) appeared every year with different frequency in
tobacco crops. During 2008, the presence of AMV was detected in most of the tested samples
(58.82%) and it was the second most common compared to all other viruses which
presence was confirmed in Serbia. In 2006 and 2007, AMV was detected in a significantly
lower percentage (2.80% and 13.64%, respectively). This study showed that Alfalfa mosaic
virus was more commonly found in multiple infections with two, three or even four detected
viruses. Single infections were detected only in 2006, in one tobacco field in the locality
of Futog. During this investigation, a rapid and simple protocol was optimized and developed
for molecular detection of AMV in tobacco leaves, using primers CPAMV1/CPAMV2
and commercially available kits for total RNA extraction as well as for RT-PCR (reverse transcription
- polymerase chain reaction). Using RT-PCR and these primers that flank the
AMV coat protein gene, a DNA fragment of 751 bp was amplified, sequenced, and compared
with the sequences available in GenBank database. The sequence of isolate 196-08
(GenBank Acc. No. FJ527749) proved to be identical at the nucleotide level of 99 to 93% with
those from other parts of the world. Phylogenetic analysis of 27 isolates based on 528 bp
sequences of the coat protein gene did not show correlation of the isolates with their geographic
origin or plant host and showed that these isolates fall into four molecular groups
of strains. Serbian AMV isolate from tobacco belongs to group IV, the group that includes
most of the isolates selected for phylogenetic analysis.Trogodišnjim proučavanjima pojave i rasprostranjenosti virusa u usevu duvana u Srbiji
utvrđeno je da se virus mozaika lucerke (Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV) javlja svake godine sa
različitom učestalošću. Prisustvo AMV ustanovljeno je u najvećem broju testiranih uzoraka
(58,82%) tokom 2008. godine kada je bio drugi po zastupljenosti u odnosu na sve ostale
viruse čije je prisustvo utvrđeno u Srbiji. AMV je detektovan u znatno nižem procentu
2006. (2,80%) i 2007. godine (13,64%). Tokom ovih istraživanja virus mozaika lucerke češće
je bio prisutan u mešanim infekcijama sa dva, tri ili čak četiri detektovana virusa. Prisustvo
pojedinačne zaraze utvrđeno je samo 2006. godine u jednom usevu duvana na lokalitetu
Futog. U toku ovih istraživanja razvijen je i optimiziran brz i precizan protokol za molekularnu
detekciju AMV u lišću duvana primenom specifičnih prajmera CPAMV1/CPAMV2
i komercijalnih kitova za ekstrakciju ukupnih RNK i RT-PCR (reverzna transkripcija praćena
lančanom reakcijom polimeraze). Korišćenjem ovih prajmera, koji omogućavaju umnožavanje
gena za protein omotača, umnožen je fragment dužine 751 bp, sekvencioniran i
upoređen sa sekvencama dostupnim u GenBank bazi podataka. Dobijena sekvenca izolata
196-08 (GenBank Acc. No. FJ527749) pokazala je 99-93% nukleotidne identičnosti sa izolatima
AMV iz drugih delova sveta. Filogenetske analize 27 izolata, na osnovu 528 bp sekvence
gena za protein omotača, nisu ukazale na korelaciju sa geografskim poreklom izolata
ili biljkom domaćinom, a pokazale su grupisanje izolata u četiri molekularne grupe sojeva.
Izolat AMV iz duvana iz Srbije pripada grupi IV, koja obuhvata većinu izolata odabranih
za filogenetsku analizu
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