The structure of a minimal nn-chart with two crossings II: Neighbourhoods of Γ1∪Γn−1\Gamma_1\cup\Gamma_{n-1}

Given a 2-crossing minimal chart $\Gamma$, a minimal chart with two crossings, set $\alpha=\min\{~i~|~$there exists an edge of label $i$ containing a white vertex$\}$, and $\beta=\max\{~i~|~$there exists an edge of label $i$ containing a white vertex$\}$. In this paper we study the structure of a neighbourhood of $\Gamma_\alpha\cup\Gamma_\beta$, and propose a normal form for 2-crossing minimal $n$-charts, here $\Gamma_\alpha$ and $\Gamma_\beta$ mean the union of all the edges of label $\alpha$ and $\beta$ respectively.Comment: 57 pages, 36 figure

Miswak: An Alternative Approach to Traditional Oral Hygiene Care

Dental professionals recommend many methods such as tooth brushing, flossing and mouth rinse in order to maintain healthy teeth and gingival tissue. Patient compliance is crucial in implementing these three steps in an oral care and may be challenging to many patients. A simple regime requires a toothbrush and toothpaste, and still proves to be difficult for patients. Chlorhexidine is prescribed to patients who have abundant amount of biofilm, or even for just chronic gingival inflammation. This rinse carries many side effects and can be avoided by using another method to keep the oral cavity healthy. An alternative such as Miswak, is an effective natural tool, a solution to maintaining oral health and overcome the gold standards drawbacks. Miswak has been used as a toothbrush by the Babylonians since 7000 BC. Studies have extensively shown that Miswak contains several components that benefit the oral health, including analgesic, antiplaque, antifungal, anticariogenic, and antimicrobial properties. Studies suggests that the individuals who use Miswak sticks have less biofilm than those patients who use regular toothbrushes. Comparing the efficacy of Miswak to a toothbrush was evaluated and associated with a significant reduction of dental biofilm and gingivitis. Based on the patient’s preference, Miswak comes in different forms such as a mouth rinse that carries the effectiveness as if using the chewing stick. Overall, Miswak is an inexpensive oral hygiene regime, and can be a great recommendation for individuals who are eager for a natural and simple approach to incorporate in their oral health care

Biomarkers in Thyroid Tumor Research: New Diagnostic Tools and Potential Targets of Molecular-Based Therapy

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The global integrated world ocean assessment: linking observations to science and policy across multiple scales

In 2004, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly approved a Regular Process to report on the environmental, economic and social aspects of the world's ocean. The Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects produced the first global integrated assessment of the marine environment in December 2016 (known as the first World Ocean Assessment). The second assessment, to be delivered in December 2020, will build on the baselines included in the first assessment, with a focus on establishing trends in the marine environment with relevance to global reporting needs such as those associated with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Central to the assessment process and its outputs are two components. First, is the utilization of ocean observation and monitoring outputs and research to temporally assess physical, chemical, biological, social, economic and cultural components of coastal and marine environments to establish their current state, impacts currently affecting coastal and marine environments, responses to those impacts and associated ongoing trends. Second, is the knowledge brokering of ocean observations and associated research to provide key information that can be utilized and applied to address management and policy needs at local, regional and global scales. Through identifying both knowledge gaps and capacity needs, the assessment process also provides direction to policy makers for the future development and deployment of sustained observation systems that are required for enhancing knowledge and supporting national aspirations associated with the sustainable development of coastal and marine ecosystems. Input from the ocean observation community, managers and policy makers is critical for ensuring that the vital information required for supporting the science policy interface objectives of the Regular Process is included in the assessment. This community white paper discusses developments in linking ocean observations and science with policy achieved as part of the assessment process, and those required for providing strategic linkages into the future.Agência financiadora - United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Seainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio