Synergistic fungistatic effects of lactoferrin in combination with antifungal drugs against clinical Candida isolates

Because of the rising incidence of failures in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis in the case of severely immunosuppressed patients (mostly human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]-infected patients), there is need for the development of new, more effective agents and/or compounds that support the activity of the common antifungal agents. Since lactoferrin is one of the nonspecific host defense factors present in saliva that exhibit antifungal activity, we studied the antifungal effects of human, bovine, and iron-depleted lactoferrin in combination with fluconazole, amphotericin B, and 5-fluorocytosine in vitro against clinical isolates of Candida species. Distinct antifungal activities of lactoferrin were observed against clinical isolates of Candida. The MICs generally were determined to be in the range of 0.5 to 100 mg.ml(-1). Interestingly, in the combination experiments we observed pronounced cooperative activity against the growth of Candida by using lactoferrin and the three antifungals tested. Only in a limited concentration range was minor antagonism detected. The use of lactoferrin and fluconazole appeared to be the most successful combination. Significant reductions in the minimal effective concentrations of fluconazole were found when it was combined with a relatively low lactoferrin concentration (1 mg/ml). Such combinations still resulted in complete growth inhibition, while synergy of up to 50% against several Candida species was observed. It is concluded that the combined use of lactoferrin and antifungals against severe infections with Candida is an attractive therapeutic option. Since fluconazole-resistant Candida species have frequently been reported, especially in HIV infected patients, the addition of lactoferrin to the existing fluconazole therapy could postpone the occurrence of species resistance against fluconazole. Clinical studies to further elucidate the potential utility of this combination therapy have been initiated.</p

Dr Tony Holohan, Chief Medical Officer, delivers the opening address at Alcohol Action Ireland’s Have We Bottled It? Alcohol Marketing and Young People conference

And it is true that there are some positives in relation to alcohol, some level of social lubrication and some health benefits. But these benefits are derived only from low levels of alcohol consumption. And this is not the way we drink alcohol in this country. Somehow we have let ourselves believe that alcohol is not really a problem in Ireland. We are complacent. We choose to ignore evidence of the huge and avoidable extent of the problem that alcohol wreaks on our society

Cyclophosphamide and VP 16-213 with autologous bone marrow transplantation. A dose escalation study

U ovom završnom radu daje se uvid u anglizme u govoru mladih. Na početnim stranicama baviti ćemo se samim pojmom jezičnoga posuđivanja, razlozima posuđivanja te tipovima posuđivanja. Nadalje, bit će riječi o podjeli posuđenica prema brojnim kriterijima. Usto, postoje i posebne vrste posuđenica o kojima ćemo također reći nešto više. Nakon toga ćemo se posvetiti anglizmima. Reći ćemo što su anglizmi i dati pojedinosti o njima, te navesti i objasniti njihovu podjelu. Također ćemo navesti primjere najčešće korištenih anglizama. Na kraju rada baviti ćemo se anglizmima u govoru mladih, te navesti primjere popularnih anglizama i akronima.This final paper gives an insight into English language in youth speech. On the first pages, we will deal with the very concept of linguistic borrowing, the reasons for borrowing, and the types of borrowing. Furthermore, there will be a discussion of the division of borrowings according to a number of criteria. In addition, there are special types of borrowings that we will also say more about. After that we will focus on Anglicisms. We will tell what Anglicisms are and give details about it, and list and explain their division. We will also provide examples of commonly used Anglicisms. At the end of the paper, we will deal with Anglicisms in youth speech and give examples of popular Anglicisms and acronyms