Protection of the population and measures against weapons of mass destruction in former Czechoslovakia from 1950's until the 1970's

Presented diploma thesis is pursued to the topic of conceptual evolution of civil protection in the last century's 50's to 70's period. This period of time, population safety was secured by so called Civil Defence. Noticeable atribute of all the Civil Defence measures impacting population was mainly protection against mass destruction weapons. That is why protection against mass destruction weapons is given the most attention in this diploma thesis. Target of the thesis is historical analyse concerning Civil Defence and its evolution in Czechoslovakia in noted period. Out of it the thesis sketches also general formation and evolution of civil protection in previous period. Diploma thesis is done based on study of available literature and mainly based on accessible sources from military archive in Prague. Thesis is divided to six chapters, chronologically describing the most important milestones in Civil Defence conceptual evolution. Emphasis is laid on description of its organisational structure and way of population protection against mass destruction weapons. During studies of these sources, the emphasis was laid also on military evaluation of country territory according to level of expected threat by aerial attack that time, or later by nuclear weapon of mass destruction in case of war conflict....Předkládaná diplomová práce se zabývá tématikou koncepčního vývoje ochrany obyvatelstva v období od 50. do 70. let minulého století. V této době prováděla ochranu obyvatelstva tzv. Civilní obrana. Nejvýraznějším rysem všech opatření Civilní obrany na ochranu obyvatelstva byla především ochranná opatření proti zbraním hromadného ničení. Opatřením proti zbraním hromadného ničení v Civilní obraně je proto v této práci věnována největší pozornost. Cílem této práce je provedení historické analýzy pojednávající o vývoji koncepce Civilní obrany v Československu ve jmenovaném období. Mimo to je v práci stručně nastíněn i obecný vznik a vývoj ochrany obyvatelstva v bývalém Československu v předchozím období. Práce byla vytvořena na základě studia dostupné literatury a dále především na základě dostupných pramenů z vojenského historického archivu v Praze. Práce je rozdělena do šesti kapitol, které chronologicky popisují nejvýznamnější milníky v koncepčním vývoji Civilní obrany. Důraz je kladen na popsaní její organizační struktury a způsoby ochrany obyvatelstva před zbraněmi hromadného ničení. Při studiu těchto pramenů byl kladen důraz na vojenské ohodnocení státního území podle stupně jeho tehdy předpokládaného ohrožení případným napadením leteckými nálety nebo v pozdějším období jadernou zbraní hromadného...Katedra dějin a didaktiky dějepisuPedagogická fakultaFaculty of Educatio

An Increasing Need for Productive and Stress Resilient Festulolium Amphiploids:What Can Be Learnt from the Stable Genomic Composition of Festuca pratensis subsp. apennina (De Not.) Hegi?

Genome composition of Festuca pratensis subsp. apennina (De Not.) Hegi, a tetraploid fescue species native to the tall forbs communities of south-eastern Europe at altitudes between 1100 and 2200m a.s.l. has been the subject of some debate by grass taxonomists. Our cytogenetic analyses including fluorescence in situ hybridisation with probes for genomic DNA and selected DNA repeats revealed the species to be allotetraploid and derived from interspecific hybridization between F. pratensis Huds., a species confined to grassland at lower altitudes, and a so far unknown Festuca species. Besides tetraploids, triploids and pentaploids were found growing in Alpine meadows in close association with F. pratensis subsp. apennina. Triploid cytotypes predominated at many sites in Switzerland and Romania, and in some localities, they were the only cytotypes observed. Cytogenetic analyses revealed the triploids to be hybrids between diploid F. pratensis and tetraploid Festuca pratensis subsp. apennina, while the pentaploid cytotypes originated from hybridization between F. pratensis subsp. apennina and hexaploid F. arundinacea Schreb., a closely-related species growing in a close vicinity to F. pratensis subsp. apennina. Parental genomes of F. pratensis subsp. apennina and of the triploid and pentaploid hybrids showed no evidence of homoeologous chromosome pairing and interspecific recombination, supporting previous observation of a disomic inheritance at meiosis, where chromosome pairing was restricted to bivalent associations. A hypothesis is presented that a chromosome pairing regulator(s), reported previously in other polyploid broad-leaved fescue species of the Festuca subg. Schedonorus, is present and functional in F. pratensis subsp. apennina. It is likely that a common ancestors’ genome that carries the chromosome pairing regulator(s) is present in all polyploid broad-leaved fescue species, and its acquisition was a key event that enabled speciation, and development of a polyploid series within Festuca. Identification of a functional chromosome pairing regulator capable of stabilizing advantageous genome combinations in hybrids within the Lolium-Festuca complex would greatly assist in development of stable Festulolium cultivars. Its expression within Festulolium amphiploid cultivars would assist strategies aimed at climate-proofing productive European grasslands to combat exposures to stress conditions

Use of germline genetic variability for prediction of chemoresistance and prognosis of breast cancer patients

The aim of our study was to set up a panel for targeted sequencing of chemoresistance genes and the main transcription factors driving their expression and to evaluate their predictive and prognostic value in breast cancer patients. Coding and regulatory regions of 509 genes, selected from PharmGKB and Phenopedia, were sequenced using massive parallel sequencing in blood DNA from 105 breast cancer patients in the testing phase. In total, 18,245 variants were identified of which 2565 were novel variants (without rs number in dbSNP build 150) in the testing phase. Variants with major allele frequency over 0.05 were further prioritized for validation phase based on a newly developed decision tree. Using emerging in silico tools and pharmacogenomic databases for functional predictions and associations with response to cytotoxic therapy or disease-free survival of patients, 55 putative variants were identified and used for validation in 805 patients with clinical follow up using KASP™ technology. In conclusion, associations of rs2227291, rs2293194, and rs4376673 (located in ATP7A, KCNAB1, and DFFB genes, respectively) with response to neoadjuvant cytotoxic therapy and rs1801160 in DPYD with disease-free survival of patients treated with cytotoxic drugs were validated and should be further functionally characterized. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Czech Medical Council [15-25618A]; Charles University [GAUK 1776218

Selective Laser Melting Strategy for Fabrication of Thin Struts Usable in Lattice Structures

This paper deals with the selective laser melting (SLM) processing strategy for strut-lattice structure production which uses only contour lines and allows the porosity and roughness level to be managed based on ombination of the input and linear energy parameters

Instability of Alien Chromosome Introgressions in Wheat Associated with Improper Positioning in the Nucleus

Alien introgressions introduce beneficial alleles into existing crops and hence, are widely used in plant breeding. Generally, introgressed alien chromosomes show reduced meiotic pairing relative to the host genome, and may be eliminated over generations. Reduced pairing appears to result from a failure of some telomeres of alien chromosomes to incorporate into the leptotene bouquet at the onset of meiosis, thereby preventing chiasmate pairing. In this study, we analysed somatic nuclei of rye introgressions in wheat using 3D-FISH and found that while introgressed rye chromosomes or chromosome arms occupied discrete positions in the Rabl’s orientation similar to chromosomes of the wheat host, their telomeres frequently occupied positions away from the nuclear periphery. The frequencies of such abnormal telomere positioning were similar to the frequencies of out-of-bouquet telomere positioning at leptotene, and of pairing failure at metaphase I. This study indicates that improper positioning of alien chromosomes that leads to reduced pairing is not a strictly meiotic event but rather a consequence of a more systemic problem. Improper positioning in the nuclei probably impacts the ability of introgressed chromosomes to migrate into the telomere bouquet at the onset of meiosis, preventing synapsis and chiasma establishment, and leading to their gradual elimination over generations

BioNano genome mapping of individual chromosomes supports physical mapping and sequence assembly in complex plant genomes

The assembly of a reference genome sequence of bread wheat is challenging due to its specific features such as the genome size of 17 Gbp, polyploid nature and prevalence of repetitive sequences. BAC-by-BAC sequencing based on chromosomal physical maps, adopted by the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium as the key strategy, reduces problems caused by the genome complexity and polyploidy, but the repeat content still hampers the sequence assembly. Availability of a high-resolution genomic map to guide sequence scaffolding and validate physical map and sequence assemblies would be highly beneficial to obtaining an accurate and complete genome sequence. Here, we chose the short arm of chromosome 7D (7DS) as a model to demonstrate for the first time that it is possible to couple chromosome flow sorting with genome mapping in nanochannel arrays and create a de novo genome map of a wheat chromosome. We constructed a high-resolution chromosome map composed of 371 contigs with an N50 of 1.3 Mb. Long DNA molecules achieved by our approach facilitated chromosome-scale analysis of repetitive sequences and revealed a ~800-kb array of tandem repeats intractable to current DNA sequencing technologies. Anchoring 7DS sequence assemblies obtained by clone-by-clone sequencing to the 7DS genome map provided a valuable tool to improve the BAC-contig physical map and validate sequence assembly on a chromosome-arm scale. Our results indicate that creating genome maps for the whole wheat genome in a chromosome-by-chromosome manner is feasible and that they will be an affordable tool to support the production of improved pseudomolecules

Role of genetic variation in ABC transporters in breast cancer prognosis and therapy response

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the world. The role of germline genetic variability in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in cancer chemoresistance and prognosis still needs to be elucidated. We used next-generation sequencing to assess associations of germline variants in coding and regulatory sequences of all human ABC genes with response of the patients to the neoadjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy and disease-free survival (n = 105). A total of 43 prioritized variants associating with response or survival in the above testing phase were then analyzed by allelic discrimination in the large validation set (n = 802). Variants in ABCA4, ABCA9, ABCA12, ABCB5, ABCC5, ABCC8, ABCC11, and ABCD4 associated with response and variants in ABCA7, ABCA13, ABCC4, and ABCG8 with survival of the patients. No association passed a false discovery rate test, however, the rs17822931 (Gly180Arg) in ABCC11, associating with response, and the synonymous rs17548783 in ABCA13 (survival) have a strong support in the literature and are, thus, interesting for further research. Although replicated associations have not reached robust statistical significance, the role of ABC transporters in breast cancer should not be ruled out. Future research and careful validation of findings will be essential for assessment of genetic variation which was not in the focus of this study, e.g., non-coding sequences, copy numbers, and structural variations together with somatic mutations. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Czech Medical Council [17-28470A]; Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and SportsMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic [CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001634]; Grant Agency of Charles University [UNCE/MED/006]; Grant Agency of the Czech RepublicGrant Agency of the Czech Republic [19-03063S