24 research outputs found
Control of flow structure inside semi-cylindrical trench
Π ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ² ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π² Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ Π· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ (Π· Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ 0.23) ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΠ΄ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ (Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ) 1.23Β·105. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π² Π·Π°Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ: Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ, Π°Π±ΠΎ, Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ· Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ².The purpose of research is search and testing of new means of coherent vortical structures control in boundary layers, what can be used for control of heat and mass transfer processes. Experimental study of current inside semi-cylindrical trench on flat surface was carried out in the wind-channel of the opened type using thermoanemometer and powder-like method of visualization. Investigation was realized in semi-cylindrical cavity which was disposed across to undisturbed stream for the flow Reynolds number according to length of plate (from its beginning to the trench midpoint) 1.23Β·105. Ratio of cavity diameter to its length was 0.23. The coherent vortical structures inside of trench were discovered and investigated for cases of absence and existence of control actions by means of setting along the trench length of various screens on leading edge of cavity regarding to the incident flow and also on back edge of cavity. It is shown that depending from different location of screens it is possible to influence substantially on a vortex motion in cavity, and choice of certain configuration of controlling screens gives the possibility to obtain or the complete preservation of monodispersible powder in cavity, either, if is necessary, complete breaking out of powder from cavity. Thus applied control means allow to comprehend and to employ the mechanism of current structure control and accordingly heat and mass transfer processes on exposed surfaces of aircraft, cosmic, marine, power technique.Π‘ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ
Π² Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ (Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 0.23) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ (ΠΎΡ Π΅Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ) 1.23Β·105. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ: Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²
Influence of semicylindrical cavity on integral characteristics of wall boundary layer
ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π· Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ Π· Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΡ, ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡ
Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, Π½Π°Π΄ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ° Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ.Process control of mass and heat transfer in liquid and gas flows by means of cavities at the streamlined surfaces is one of the most promising ways to save energy in industrial, transport and power units and machines. The cause of this experimental study setting was deficit of information about coherent vortex structures (CVS) formation and emission from the grooves in the wake flow. To obtain this information in this work we investigate the profiles of the defects of the longitudinal velocity, displacement thickness, momentum thickness and shape factor in the boundary layer of air flow in front, above and behind the surface semi-cylindrical indentation on a flat plate. Analysis of these data shows that they reflect the influence of dissipative and inertial effects on the structure of the flow and allow us to determine the location of the CVS zones in the cavity of the groove and to better understand the conditions and nature of their beginning. Quantitative and qualitative changes of shape factor along the longitudinal coordinate as a function of flow velocity are significantly differ from traditional notions about weak dependence of this characteristic from Reynolds number, that is peculiar to flow over the plates and wing profiles without indentations. The proposed organization and implementation of experiments allow to receive sufficiently effective data by using per single hot-wire sensor of thermoanemometer. Pictures of the formation and evolution of the CVS expend complementary to the boundary conditions database for numerical calculations of heat transfer and aerodynamic drag in the flow with small Mach numbers over surface indentations. Results of investigation may be useful in designing of surfaces for aircrafts, ships and ground transports, as well as efficient compact heat exchangers.ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅, Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΡΠ³Π»ΡΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π½Π°Π΄ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π²Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π²Π½ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Vorticity formation inside and near cross-streamlined semi-cylindrical trench on flat surface
Π ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΊΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ· Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ½Ρ Ρ Π² ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ β ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·ΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π· ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ.The article are devoted to elucidation of current macro- and microstructure inside of semi-cylindrical trench and near its in boundary layer on flat plate by means of investigation of vorticity distributions. Vorticity defines rotational components and physics of any liquid and gas motion, but in turbulent flows on working surfaces with geometric large-scale irregularities by indentations type and in currents with coherent vortical structures the vorticity takes the most important part in processes of mass, momentum and energy transfer. For better understanding of mechanism of indicated phenomenon this paper offers some new scientific results on experimental research of vorticity and its fluctuations fields in the region of the cross-streamlined semi-cylindrical trench on a flat surface for different flow regimes according to Reynolds numbers range (by trench diameter) Red = 1,48β10Β³ Γ· 2,68β10β΄. The experimental investigation was carried out on open-circuit wind tunnell equipped by constant temperature anemometer with hot-wire probes, laser instrumentation, vibration and acoustic analyzer. The measurements of local time-averaged velocities and velocity fluctuations discovered that the most levels of mean vorticity take place near by the streamlined surfaces and in the angular areas of trench where boundary layer is separated and vortex structures of the shear blending layer are interacted with back wall of the trench. Zones of increased voticity fluctuation levels are disposed mainly between maximum mean vorticity regions and in area formed by interaction of coherent vortical structures of shear blending layer with quasi-stable large-scale eddy generated owing to impact interaction of blending layer with trench back wall. Results of investigation may be used for efficiency estimations of transfer processes on streamlined elements of heat exchangers, engines, ships, aircrafts etc.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Π΅. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΈ β ΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ
Pressure fluctuations on the scour surface before prismatic pier
The results of experimental research of the wall-pressure fluctuation field acting on the scour surface upstream of the prismatic pier model are presented. Experiments were carried out in the hydraulic flume with an open water surface and sandy bed. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the field of pseudosound the wall-pressure fluctuation were determined on the equilibrium scour surface upstream of the prismatic pier model, as well as the sources of their generation. Two quasistable large-scale horseshoe vortex formations occurred inside the scour hole in front of the bluff body. The first of them were generated in the separation of the boundary layer with the front edge of the scour hole and it formed the upper slope of the scour. A second smaller horseshoe formation were formed by the interaction of the shear layer beyond the scour hole and the down flow along the front surface of the prismatic model and it formed the lower slope of the scour. The highest intensity and level of spectral components of the wall-pressure fluctuation occurred inside the scour hole upstream of the prismatic pier model
ΠΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ
Group constructions of bluff bodies are widely used in bridge construction practice. The junction flows of such structures are characterized by considerable complexity, nonstationarity and instability. In the vicinity of bluff bodies, systems of horseshoe vortex structures, shear layers, separated regions, jet flows, wake vortices and vortex Karmanβs streets are formed. The study of the features of the generation and evolution of vortex and jet flows, the mechanisms of interaction of these flows with streamlined surfaces requires considerable effort during numerical and physical modeling. The purpose of the work is to determine the features of vortex and jet flow in the region of junction of three-row pile grillage with a rigid flat surface. Experimental studies were carried out in laboratory conditions in a hydrodynamic channel, where the three-row group of cylinders was installed on the hydraulically smooth rigid surface. Visual investigations and measurements of the velocity field were carried out inside and around the three-row grillage. The features of the formation and evolution of vortex and jet flows inside and near the cylindrical group were established. Integral and spectral characteristics of the velocity fluctuation field were obtained.
Pages of the article in the issue: 25 - 28
Language of the article: UkrainianΠΡΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ» ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ. Π‘ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π½ΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΡΡΡΡ. Π ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ» ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ, Π·ΡΡΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ β Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΡ Π· ΠΆΠΎΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π² Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΉ. ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΡ
Feature of the vortex and the jet flows around and inside the three-row pile group
In this article the results of experimental research of kinematics and the dynamics of horseshoe vortex structures, wake vortices and lateral jet flows, formed around and inside the pile group of three-row grillage, set on a flat rigid surface and sand soil, are presented. Visualization of flow is conducted using water soluble coatings and contrast substances, introduced into the stream. The fields of velocity, pressure and shear stresses around and inside the pile construction were investigated using the miniature sensors of the velocity, dynamic pressure and pressure fluctuations. The place of formation and features of development of large-scale horseshoe vortex structures and wake vortices, and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the vortex and jet flow were determined. The space-time correlation and spectral characteristics of the velocity and pressure fluctuations were measured. The scale of the coherent vortex structures, their frequencies of rotations and oscillations, convective velocities and direction of transfer were determined. The three-dimensional spectrograms and correlograms of vortex and the jet flow about and inside the three-row pile grillage were obtained
Effect of Fluid Viscosity on Noise of Bileaflet Prosthetic Heart Valve
Background. Numerical simulation and experimental research have been used as powerful tools to understand and predict the behavior and mechanics of the operation of natural heart valves and their prostheses in natural and pathoΒlogical conditions. Such studies help to evaluate the effectiveness of the valves, their design and the results of surgical procedures, to diagnose healthy and impaired function of the heart valves. There is an actual problem in creating more reliable methods and tools for the operation diagnostics of mechanical heart valves.
Objective. The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of fluid viscosity on the hydroacoustic characteristics of jets that flow from a semi-closed and open mechanical bileaflet heart valve. To study the possibility of using hydroΒacoustic measuring instruments as diagnostic equipment for determining the working conditions of the bileaflet proΒstheΒtic heart valve.
Methods. The experimental research was carried out by means of hydroacoustic measurements of the hydrodynamic noise in the near wake of the side and central jets of the glycerin solution and the pure water flow downstream of the prosthetic bileaflet heart valve.
Results. The effect of fluid viscosity on the hydroacoustic characteristics of the jets that flow from a semi-closed and open mechanical bileaflet heart valve has been experimentally determined. Integral and spectral characteristics of the hydrodynamic noise of jets of the glycerin solution and the pure water flow downstream of the bileaflet mitral heart valve for different fluid rate were detected.
Conclusions. In the stream conditions of pure water, the integral characteristics of the pressure field are lower than in stream conditions of the aqueous glycerin solution. As the glycerin concentration in the solution increases, increase average pressures and especially RMS pressure fluctuations. The spectral levels of the hydrodynamic noise in the near wake of the side jet of the glycerin solution are lower than for water flow in the frequency ranges from 1 to 7-8 Hz and from 100 to 1000 Hz for fluid rate 5 l/min. For higher fluid rates, the spectral components of the hydrodynamic noise in the near wake of the side jet of the glycerin solution of the semi-closed mitral valve are higher than that for the pure water. The greatest difference (1.5β1.8 times) in the spectral levels is observed in the frequency range from 10 to 100 Hz for the fluid rate 15 l/min
ΠΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ
Π£ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠΊΡ Π²ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»ΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏ'ΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ. ΠΡΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π±Π°ΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π·ΡΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π· Π»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π»ΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΄ΠΉΠΎΠΌΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° Ρ
Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ Π·ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ
Π ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Β ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Β Β Β Β Β Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Π°Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡ
Ρ, ΡΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° Π² ΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΊΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ° Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π· ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΉΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Ρ Π·ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΉΠΌΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π° Π² Π·Π°Π³Π»ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ β Π΄ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠ²Π΅Π»Π»ΡΠ²ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ.