Problemas de regulación legal de la robótica y la inteligencia artificial desde la perspectiva psicológica

The article analyzes the main problems and contradictions in the formation of legal regimes for the regulation of robotics, artificial intelligence and other innovative technologies of our time. The work content shows the unpreparedness of modern legal science and practice to conceptual and legal design, legal and technical development of the regulatory legal acts aimed at the legislative fixation and regulation of the processes of using artificial intelligence and robots in public relations, as well as definition of responsibility and appropriate protection modes of legitimate interests, rights, freedoms in the system of personality - society - state. The subject of this study is the resolution of these problems and contradictions, as well as the identification of directions for the formation of a legal framework for the regulation of modern innovative technologies and digital processes unfolding in the modern society. The authors distinguish and analyze two consecutive stages: 1) development and introduction of necessary changes in the existing branches of Russian law; 2) conceptual-legal and doctrinal-legal formulation of key development priorities, as well as creation of a new integrated branch of law - robotics law, which has an independent subject and method of legal regulation.El artículo analiza los principales problemas y contradicciones en la formación de regímenes legales para la regulación de la robótica, la inteligencia artificial y otras tecnologías innovadoras de nuestro tiempo. El contenido del trabajo muestra la falta de preparación de la ciencia y práctica legal moderna para el diseño conceptual y legal, el desarrollo legal y técnico de los actos legales regulatorios destinados a la fijación legislativa y la regulación de los procesos de uso de inteligencia artificial y robots en las relaciones públicas, así como definición de responsabilidad y modos apropiados de protección de intereses legítimos, derechos, libertades en el sistema de personalidad -sociedad -estado. El tema de este estudio es la resolución de estos problemas y contradicciones, así como la identificación de direcciones para la formación de un marco legal para la regulación de tecnologías modernas innovadoras y procesos digitales que se desarrollan en la sociedad moderna. Los autores distingueny analizan dos etapas consecutivas: 1) desarrollo e introducción de los cambios necesarios en las ramas existentes de la ley rusa; 2) formulación conceptual-legal y doctrinal-legal de prioridades clave de desarrollo, así como la creación de una nueva ramaintegrada del derecho: la ley de robótica, que tiene un tema y un método de regulación legal independientes

Courant-Dorfman algebras and their cohomology

We introduce a new type of algebra, the Courant-Dorfman algebra. These are to Courant algebroids what Lie-Rinehart algebras are to Lie algebroids, or Poisson algebras to Poisson manifolds. We work with arbitrary rings and modules, without any regularity, finiteness or non-degeneracy assumptions. To each Courant-Dorfman algebra (\R,\E) we associate a differential graded algebra \C(\E,\R) in a functorial way by means of explicit formulas. We describe two canonical filtrations on \C(\E,\R), and derive an analogue of the Cartan relations for derivations of \C(\E,\R); we classify central extensions of \E in terms of H^2(\E,\R) and study the canonical cocycle \Theta\in\C^3(\E,\R) whose class $[\Theta]$ obstructs re-scalings of the Courant-Dorfman structure. In the nondegenerate case, we also explicitly describe the Poisson bracket on \C(\E,\R); for Courant-Dorfman algebras associated to Courant algebroids over finite-dimensional smooth manifolds, we prove that the Poisson dg algebra \C(\E,\R) is isomorphic to the one constructed in \cite{Roy4-GrSymp} using graded manifolds.Comment: Corrected formulas for the brackets in Examples 2.27, 2.28 and 2.29. The corrections do not affect the exposition in any wa

Quantum Field Theory as Effective BV Theory from Chern-Simons

The general procedure for obtaining explicit expressions for all cohomologies of N.Berkovits's operator is suggested. It is demonstrated that calculation of BV integral for the classical Chern-Simons-like theory (Witten's OSFT-like theory) reproduces BV version of two dimensional gauge model at the level of effective action. This model contains gauge field, scalars, fermions and some other fields. We prove that this model is an example of "singular" point from the perspective of the suggested method for cohomology evaluation. For arbitrary "regular" point the same technique results in AKSZ(Alexandrov, Kontsevich, Schwarz, Zaboronsky) version of Chern-Simons theory (BF theory) in accord with [2,3].Comment: 34 pages, 15 figures, references added. Body of paper authored by Dmitry Krotov, Andrei Losev, appendix written with A.Gorodentse

Lacrimal Gland Repair Using Progenitor Cells

Abstract In humans, the lacrimal gland (LG) is the primary contributor to the aqueous layer of the tear film. Production of tears in insufficient quantity or of inadequate quality may lead to aqueous‐deficiency dry eye (ADDE). Currently there is no cure for ADDE. The development of strategies to reliably isolate LG stem/progenitor cells from the LG tissue brings great promise for the design of cell replacement therapies for patients with ADDE. We analyzed the therapeutic potential of epithelial progenitor cells (EPCPs) isolated from adult wild‐type mouse LGs by transplanting them into the LGs of TSP ‐1−/− mice, which represent a novel mouse model for ADDE. TSP‐1−/− mice are normal at birth but progressively develop a chronic form of ocular surface disease, characterized by deterioration, inflammation, and secretory dysfunction of the lacrimal gland. Our study shows that, among c‐kit‐positive epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM+) populations sorted from mouse LGs, the c‐kit+dim/EpCAM+/Sca1−/CD34−/CD45− cells have the hallmarks of an epithelial cell progenitor population. Isolated EPCPs express pluripotency factors and markers of the epithelial cell lineage Runx1 and EpCAM, and they form acini and ducts when grown in reaggregated three‐dimensional cultures. Moreover, when transplanted into injured or “diseased” LGs, they engraft into acinar and ductal compartments. EPCP‐injected TSP‐1−/− LGs showed reduction of cell infiltration, differentiation of the donor EPCPs within secretory acini, and substantial improvement in LG structural integrity and function. This study provides the first evidence for the effective use of adult EPCP cell transplantation to rescue LG dysfunction in a model system. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:88–9

Ultra-high Resolution Optics for EUV and Soft X-ray Inelastic Scattering

We describe a revolutionary new approach to high spectral resolution soft x-ray optics. Conventionally in the soft x-ray energy range, high spectral resolution is obtained by use of a relatively low line density grating operated in 1st order with small slits. This severely limits throughput. This limitation can be removed by use of a grating either in very high order, or with very high line density, if one can maintain high diffraction efficiency. We have developed a new technology for achieving both of these goals which should allow high throughput spectroscopy, at resolving powers of up to 106 at 1 keV. Such optics should provide a revolutionary advance for high resolution lifetime free spectroscopy, such as RIXS, and for pulse compression of chirped beams. We report recent developmental fabrication and characterization of a prototype grating optimized for 14.2 nm EUV light. The prototype grating with a 200 nm period of the blazed grating substrate coated with 20 Mo/Si bilayers with a period of 7.1 nm demonstrates good dispersion in the third order (effective groove density of 15,000 lines per mm) with a diffraction efficiency of more than 33percent

Evaluation of competitiveness of several enterprises

В статье рассматриваются практические аспекты оценки и анализа конкурентоспособности предприятий на основе динамического подхода. Изложены основные положения динамического подхода к оценке конкурентоспособности предприятий, приведен математический аппарат и алгоритм анализа. Показано, что оценка конкурентоспособности любой компании может быть сведена к оценке ее операционной эффективности и стратегического позиционирования. При этом операционная эффективность может быть охарактеризована показателями прибыльности, а стратегическое позиционирование характеризуется объемами выручки компании. Автор обосновывает, что максимально объективная оценки конкурентоспособности хозяйствующего субъекта должна основываться на оценке обоих источников конкурентоспособности. При этом репрезентативность массива исходных данных предложено обеспечивать за счет анализа динамики ретроспективных показателей. Сформулированы методологические и методические преимущества динамического подхода по сравнению с традиционными методами оценки конкурентоспособности предприятий. Показано, что применение для оценки конкурентоспособности множества предприятий динамического метода в первоначальной конфигурации может обуславливать высокую трудоемкость исследований. Исходя из этого, автором предлагается алгоритм перекрестной оценки конкурентоспособности множества компаний, не требующий значительных трудозатрат. Предложена математическая модель, позволяющая осуществлять экспресс-оценку конкурентоспособности хозяйствующих субъектов с использованием основных принципов динамического подхода к оценке конкурентоспособности предприятий. Осуществлена апробация предложенного метода в ходе оценки конкурентоспособности крупнейших предприятий Свердловской области. Показано, что в отличие от традиционных рейтингов, которые, как правило, основываются только на одном показателе (чаще всего - выручке или капитализации хозяйствующего субъекта), взятом за один отчетный период, ранжирование компаний методом перекрестной оценки эффективности в рамках динамического подхода является более точным инструментом оценки их конкурентоспособности.The article discusses practical aspects of evaluation and analysis of the competitive position of enterprises on the basis of the dynamic approach. It outlines the fundamentals of the dynamic approach to the assessment of the competitiveness of enterprises and presents the mathematical apparatus and algorithm of the analysis. It is shown that the competitiveness of any company can boil down to evaluating its operating efficiency and strategic positioning. Operating efficiency can be characterized by profitability and strategic positioning is characterized by the revenue of the company. The author argues that the most objective evaluation of the competitiveness of a business should be based on the evaluation of the both sources of competitiveness. The representativeness of the source array data can be ensured by retrospective analysis of the dynamics of indicators. Methodological and methodical advantages of the dynamic approach in comparison with traditional methods of assessing the competitiveness of enterprises are explained. It is shown that the application of the dynamic method to evaluating of the competitiveness of several enterprises in its traditional configuration could make the research too labourious. The author proposes an algorithm of cross-evaluation of the competitiveness of many companies that does not require significant effort. The proposed method was tested in assessing the competitiveness of several major enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region. It is shown that in contrast to traditional ratings, which are, as a rule, based on one indicator only (usually the revenue or capitalization of the business) during one accounting period, the ranking of companies by the method of cross-efficiency evaluation is a more accurate tool to assess their competitiveness

Evaluation of the cost of capital and the discount rate based on the Russian financial statistics

The cost of capital and the discount rate calculated on its basis are the key parameters in the financial modelling and assessment of investment projects’ economic efficiency. Therefore, the method for their evaluation is always a relevant issue for economists and financiers all over the globe. In conditions of unprecedent sanctions pressure this problem has gained special significance for Russian investors, for whom the assets denominated in ‘unfriendly’ currencies have ceased to be risk-free. The study aims to develop an algorithm for evaluating the cost of capital and calculating the discount rate based on ruble-denominated risk-free assets and Russian financial statistics. The methodological basis of the research is the theories of corporate finance and investment project design, as well as the portfolio theory. The statistics of the Russian stock market for 2003–2022 are studied using general scientific (systems analysis and synthesis) and econometric methods, as well as by adopting the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The paper suggests and tests a step-by-step algorithm for collecting and processing the Russian financial statistics to calculate the cost of capital and risk premiums to it. The findings prove that unsystematic risks should be assessed separately, rather than within the weighted average cost of capital, as well as propose a determined mechanism for this. The developed method allows avoiding the prohibitively high values of the cost of capital that arise during the use of foreign sources of information

Improving the Accuracy for Radio-Based Positioning in Mines Using SLAM

During the day-to-day exploitation of localization systems in mines, the technical staff tends to incorrectly rearrange radio equipment: positions of devices may not be accurately marked on a map or their positions may not correspond to the truth. This situation may lead to positioning inaccuracies and errors in the operation of the localization system.This paper presents two Bayesian algorithms for the automatic corrections of positions of the equipment on the map using trajectories restored by the inertial measurement units mounted to mobile objects, like pedestrians and vehicles. As a basis, a predefined map of the mine represented as undirected weighted graph was used as input. The algorithms were implemented using the Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) approach.The results prove that both methods are capable to detect misplacement of access points and to provide corresponding corrections. The discrete Bayesian filter outperforms the unscented Kalman filter, which, however, requires more computational power

Correction of Uncertain Access Points Positions in Underground Mines Using SLAM Approach

This paper presents an extended version of a previously published Bayesian algorithm for the automatic correction of the positions of the equipment on the map with simultaneous mobile object trajectory localization (SLAM) in underground mine environment represented by undirected graph. The proposed extended SLAM algorithm requires much less preliminary data on possible equipment positions and uses an additional resample move algorithm to significantly improve the overall performance