Analysis of chromosome aberrations by FISH and Giemsa assays in lymphocytes of cancer patients undergoing whole-body irradiation: comparison of in vivo and in vitro irradiation

Abstract. Studies of the frequencies of chromosome exchange aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes provide useful Purpose : To study the cytogenetic eVects of fractionated radiobiodosimetric information (IAEA 1986, Darroudi therapy in peripheral blood lymphocytes of ve cancer patients. 2000). For individual dose estimation, a calibration In vitro experiments were performed in parallel using the same dose-response curve constructed for human lympho- patients undergoing protracted whole-body irradiGiemsa-stained preparations were used to score unstable ation at low doses before local radiotherapy at high aberrations following in vivo and in vitro exposure. dose. Results: A linear dose-response curve was determined for both dicentrics and translocations. The in vivo frequency of translocations was higher than for dicentrics. Dose-response curves Materials and methods generated for translocations following in vivo and in vitro irradiation yielded similar frequencies. In contrast, for dicentrics, in 2.1. Subjects vitro irradiation yielded a higher frequency when compared with data generated following in vivo exposure. The study was performed on ve patients aged Conclusions : For dose reconstruction purposes, translocations fre-23-70 years, one woman and four men, with quency seems to be a more adequate end-point than the scoring advanced cancers and distant metastases

НЕИММУННЫЙ ОТЁК ПЛОДА ПРИ ВНУТРИУТРОБНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ

Nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) may be due to congenital infections. This article examines the congenital infections associated with NIHF – parvovirus and syphilis. Particular attention is paid to data verification infection and specificity of morphological changes in the placenta.Внутриутробная инфекция может сопровождаться неиммунным отёком плода. В данной статье приводятся практические наблюдения случаев неиммунного отёка плода при парвовирусной инфекции и сифилисе. Особое внимание уделено верификации данных инфекций и специфичности морфологических изменений в плаценте

Do parents of children with congenital malformations have a higher cancer risk? A nationwide study in Denmark

To investigate whether parents of children with congenital malformations more often developed cancer after birth of the child, a population-based case-control study in Denmark was undertaken. By linking the Cancer Registry with the Central Population Registry, we identified 8783 cancer patients having their first child born between 1977 and 1995 before the cancer was diagnosed. Parents of 41 206 firstborn children of a 10% random sample of newborns from the Birth Registry between 1980 and 1995 were identified as controls. We obtained malformation diagnoses of children of cases and controls by linking to the Hospital Discharge Registry. We estimated the association between malformation and cancer by using logistic regression, adjusting for maternal age at birth and sex of child. We found no increased risk of cancer in parents having children with malformations in general, but a higher cancer risk in parents of children born with cleft lip/palate, odds ratio (OR) for all cancer=1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.0–3.2), OR for lymphomas=4.2 (1.3–13.5) and OR for leukaemia=8.1 (2.0–33.7). This association was not restricted to cancer cases diagnosed shortly after birth of the child. Our results suggest a common genetic association between these diseases, but further studies are needed

ДИАГНОСТИКА РЕЦИДИВОВ РАКА МОЧЕВОГО ПУЗЫРЯ С ПОМОЩЬЮ FISH-МЕТОДА, ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЕМОГО НА КЛЕТКАХ ОСАДКА МОЧИ

A sample of 63 patients with bladder cancer (BC) was used to estimate the informative value of a noninvasive UroVysion test carried out prior to cystoscopy on urine sediment cells when diagnosing BC recurrences. The latter were detected by either the two techniques (cystoscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay) or one of them in 19 patients in different periods after treatment for primary BC (1-36 months). Cystoscopy revealed 13 recurrent BC cases; FISH assay identified 17 cases and in earlier periods. The total sensitivity of the FISH assay was 84.6%. The sample of 20 FISH-positive primary patients showed a direct correlation between BC stage, grade, and the number of abnormal cells (as indicated the UroVysion test) in the urine sediment.В выборке из 63 больных раком мочевого пузыря (РМП) оценивали информативность неинвазивного UroVysion-теста, проводившегося до цистоскопии на клетках осадка мочи, при диагностике рецидивов заболевания. У 19 пациентов в разные сроки после лечения первичного РМП (1–36 мес) были выявлены рецидивы либо обоими методами (цистоскопия и FISH), либо одним из них. При этом методом цистоскопии выявлено 13 случаев рецидивов РМП, FISH-анализом – 17 и в более ранние сроки. Общая чувствительность FISH-метода составила 84,6 %. На выборке из 20 «FISH-положительных» первичных больных обнаружена прямая корреляция между стадией заболевания (рТ), степенью злокачественности (G) опухоли и количеством аномальных (в соответствии с UroVysion-тестом) клеток в осадке мочи

Anomalous Nature of Provisional Application and Its Meaning in the International Treaty-Making

Tiedekunta/Osasto-fakultet/Sektion – Faculty of law Laitos – Institution - Department Tekijä – Författare – Author Anna Vorobtsova Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Anomalous nature of provisional application and its meaning in the international treaty-making Oppiaine – Läroamne – Subject Public international law Työn laji - Arbetets art – Level Master’s thesis Aika - Datum – Month and year May 2018 Sivumäärä - Sidoantal – Number of pages 80 Tiivistelmä - Referat – Abstract Rule on provisional application of treaties has always been treated as a certain anomaly from a perspective of both international and constitutional law. The reason for this attitude lies in the fact that it allows applying a treaty prior to its ratification, while it is not yet implemented into the national law of a particular state. Due to its unique properties, the regime of provisional application lacks conceptual clarity, and its place within the other legal principles of international treaty law is not self-evident. At the same time, the usefulness of the mechanism has been proved in practice because of its flexibility and effectiveness in certain situations. With the growing number of provisionally applied treaties and recent judicial practice, International Law Commission has admitted the importance of the doctrinal clarification. For the past 5 years, ILC has been working on the project of Draft Guidelines concerning provisional application within the context of Article 25 of the VCLT. The main goal of the project is to provide states with some framework and guidance on the use of the regime and fill in the gaps in understanding of the mechanism of provisional application. The purpose of the present paper is to analyze the legal concept of provisional application, its meaning and place within the international law system. The research will be conducted with regards to the key aspects, which are divided into chapters. First chapter will highlight the historical view on the concept of provisional application. Specifically, its entire establishment process will be traced: starting from the XVII century when the regime reflected in similar mechanisms that were used in state practice and up until now. Second chapter will examine the case-based view on the concept of provisional application, i.e. recent judicial practice on the matter. Specifically, it will discuss the possible interpretations of particular clauses on provisional application of a certain treaties and the ways in which such interpretations may affect the legal nature of the concept. The last chapter will focus on the precise legal nature of the provisional application as it is now. The meaning and properties of the concept will be extracted and analyzed through its difference from the definitive entry into force, based on historical, conceptual, procedural and political aspects. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords International law, treaty law, provisional application, entry into force, ratification Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Faculty of law at the University of Helsinki Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional informatio

Genomic damage in children accidentally exposed to ionizing radiation: a review of the literature

During the last decade, our knowledge of the mechanisms by which children respond to exposures to physical and chemical agents present in the environment, has significantly increased. Results of recent projects and programmes focused on children's health underline a specific vulnerability of children to environmental genotoxicants. Environmental research on children predominantly investigates the health effects of air pollution while effects from radiation exposure deserve more attention. The main sources of knowledge on genome damage of children exposed to radiation are studies performed after the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident in 1986. The present review presents and discusses data collected from papers analyzing genome damage in children environmentally exposed to ionizing radiation. Overall, the evidence from the studies conducted following the Chernobyl accident, nuclear tests, environmental radiation pollution and indoor accidental contamination reveals consistently increased chromosome aberration and micronuclei frequency in exposed than in referent children. Future research in this area should be focused on studies providing information on: (a) effects on children caused by low doses of radiation; (b) effects on children from combined exposure to low doses of radiation and chemical agents from food, water and air; and (c) specific effects from exposure during early childhood (radioisotopes from water, radon in homes). Special consideration should also be given to a possible impact of a radiochemical environment to the development of an adaptive response for genomic damage. Interactive databases should be developed to provide integration of cytogenetic data, childhood cancer registry data and information on environmental contamination. The overall aim is to introduce timely and efficient preventive measures, by means of a better knowledge of the early and delayed health effects in children resulting from radiation exposure

Intrauterine infections with nonimmune hydrops fetalis

Nonimmune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) may be due to congenital infections. This article examines the congenital infections associated with NIHF – parvovirus and syphilis. Particular attention is paid to data verification infection and specificity of morphological changes in the placenta