Aktuelle evidenzbasierte Situation in der Koronarrevaskularisation—: CABG vs. PCI und Diabetes?

Summary: A variety of randomized, controlled trials comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) found similar results in mortality but significant differences in number of reinterventions in favor of CABG. This work gives an overview about the relevance and limitations of these studies in line with newly published large scale observational studies, which reveal significantly lower mortality-rates in CABG patients. Emphasis is placed on the special situation in the diabetic patien

Visually targeted reaching in horse-head grasshoppers

Visually targeted reaching to a specific object is a demanding neuronal task requiring the translation of the location of the object from a two-dimensionsal set of retinotopic coordinates to a motor pattern that guides a limb to that point in three-dimensional space. This sensorimotor transformation has been intensively studied in mammals, but was not previously thought to occur in animals with smaller nervous systems such as insects. We studied horse-head grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Proscopididae) crossing gaps and found that visual inputs are sufficient for them to target their forelimbs to a foothold on the opposite side of the gap. High-speed video analysis showed that these reaches were targeted accurately and directly to footholds at different locations within the visual field through changes in forelimb trajectory and body position, and did not involve stereotyped searching movements. The proscopids estimated distant locations using peering to generate motion parallax, a monocular distance cue, but appeared to use binocular visual cues to estimate the distance of nearby footholds. Following occlusion of regions of binocular overlap, the proscopids resorted to peering to target reaches even to nearby locations. Monocular cues were sufficient for accurate targeting of the ipsilateral but not the contralateral forelimb. Thus, proscopids are capable not only of the sensorimotor transformations necessary for visually targeted reaching with their forelimbs but also of flexibly using different visual cues to target reaches. © 2012 The Royal Society

Changes to the Fossil Record of Insects through Fifteen Years of Discovery

The first and last occurrences of hexapod families in the fossil record are compiled from publications up to end-2009. The major features of these data are compared with those of previous datasets (1993 and 1994). About a third of families (>400) are new to the fossil record since 1994, over half of the earlier, existing families have experienced changes in their known stratigraphic range and only about ten percent have unchanged ranges. Despite these significant additions to knowledge, the broad pattern of described richness through time remains similar, with described richness increasing steadily through geological history and a shift in dominant taxa, from Palaeoptera and Polyneoptera to Paraneoptera and Holometabola, after the Palaeozoic. However, after detrending, described richness is not well correlated with the earlier datasets, indicating significant changes in shorter-term patterns. There is reduced Palaeozoic richness, peaking at a different time, and a less pronounced Permian decline. A pronounced Triassic peak and decline is shown, and the plateau from the mid Early Cretaceous to the end of the period remains, albeit at substantially higher richness compared to earlier datasets. Origination and extinction rates are broadly similar to before, with a broad decline in both through time but episodic peaks, including end-Permian turnover. Origination more consistently exceeds extinction compared to previous datasets and exceptions are mainly in the Palaeozoic. These changes suggest that some inferences about causal mechanisms in insect macroevolution are likely to differ as well

Geschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Bern

Bd. 1 : Dreizehntes JahrhundertBd. 2 : Vierzehntes Jahrhundertvon Ed. von Wattenwyl von Diesbac

Tristira, genus novum Tryxalidarum, vicinum Stauronoto, ex Fuegia

Volume: 1Start Page: 235End Page: 23

Inclusion of the shipping sector in the European Carbon Emissions Trading System (ETS): Impacts on Panamax (4TC) and Capesize (5TC) freight rates and their time-varying risk model

The shipping sector is in the spotlight. Alone, emits about 3% of C02 emissions. There is no denying the ecological and environmental impacts. Transporting around 11 billion tons of raw materials and finished products each year, the sector has undergone a huge expansion in the last four decades and has strongly contributed to globalisation, including trade between different countries and cultures. However, the industry is also very polluting and harmful to the environment and is certainly a significant contributor to the global warming we are currently experiencing. It was obvious and necessary that the shipping sector had to be curbed and that stricter regulations on environmental conservation and targeted action to restrict global warming were needed. The European Commission has taken matters into its own hands and has decided to integrate this industry into the European Trading System (ETS) from 2023. The main aim of this project is to align the different sectors with the target set by the European Union, i.e., a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. It will be necessary in the coming years to introduce new restrictions, some of which may be introduced by the International Maritime Organisation, to try to reduce our emissions as much as possible and protect our planet as best we can. These new regulations have prompted some questions from experts such as who will have to pay the price of carbon, ship owners, charterers, or consumers? All these questions trigger challenges for the European Commission who are the key players to address these issues to allow a smooth and efficient implementation. The purpose of this thesis project is to analyse the impact of the inclusion into the European Union Trading System on Capesize (5TC) and Panamax (4TC) freight rates by using time-varying risk models. </p

Notizen \ufcber die Orthopteren-Fauna Ceylon\u27s

Volume: 18Start Page: 337End Page: 34

On the Orthoptera of the Island of Grenada, West Indies

Volume: 1893Start Page: 599End Page: 61