Rente mit 67 ohne Alternative

Ende August hat die „Kommission für die Nachhaltigkeit in der Finanzierung der Sozialen Sicherungssysteme“ („Rürup-Kommission“) der Bundesregierung ihren Bericht vorgelegt. Hierin wird, ebenso wie im Bericht der „Herzog-Kommission“ „Soziale Sicherheit _ zur Reform der sozialen Sicherungssysteme“ für den CDU-Bundesvorstand von Ende September, die in der Öffentlichkeit heftig umstrittene Heraufsetzung des Renteneintrittsalters auf 67 Jahre gefordert. Ist eine „Rente mit 67“ unvermeidbar? --

Das Nachhaltigkeitsgesetz: Ein weiterer Schritt zur langfristigen Stabilisierung der Rentenversicherung

Im März hat der Deutsche Bundestag ein Gesetz zur Sicherung der nachhaltigen Finanzierungsgrundlagen der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung beschlossen. Welche Folgen ergeben sich für die Rentenversicherung? Gisela Färber, Winfried Schmähl sowie Franz Ruland und Dirk von der Heide nehmen Stellung. --

Assoziationen zu Ober-, Basis- und Unterbegriffen : eine explorative Studie

Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht die Organisation des mentalen Lexikons mithilfe einer Assoziationsstudie, in der die Stimuli hinsichtlich ihrer Begriffsebene (Oberbegriffe (z.B. Tier), Basisbegriffe (z.B. Vogel) und Unterbegriffe (z.B. Papagei)) sowie ihrer morphologischen Struktur (Komposita - Simplizia) variieren. Frühere Assoziationsstudien weisen auf eine zentrale Stellung der Basisbegriffe in unserem Wortschatz hin. Im Blickpunkt psycholinguistischer Forschung zu Komposita steht die Frage, ob diese in unserem mentalen Lexikon als Gesamtwort gespeichert bzw. verarbeitet werden oder, abhängig von ihrer semantischen Transparenz in ihren Konstituenten segmentiert sind (z.B. Regenschirm in Regen und Schirm oder Maulwurf in Maul und Wurf). Unsere Resultate unterstützen die Annahme, dass die semantische Transparenz von Komposita auch Assoziationscharakteristika beeinflusst

Assoziationen zu Ober-, Basis- und Unterbegriffen : eine explorative Studie

Der vorliegende Aufsatz untersucht die Organisation des mentalen Lexikons mithilfe einer Assoziationsstudie, in der die Stimuli hinsichtlich ihrer Begriffsebene (Oberbegriffe (z.B. Tier), Basisbegriffe (z.B. Vogel) und Unterbegriffe (z.B. Papagei)) sowie ihrer morphologischen Struktur (Komposita - Simplizia) variieren. Frühere Assoziationsstudien weisen auf eine zentrale Stellung der Basisbegriffe in unserem Wortschatz hin. Im Blickpunkt psycholinguistischer Forschung zu Komposita steht die Frage, ob diese in unserem mentalen Lexikon als Gesamtwort gespeichert bzw. verarbeitet werden oder, abhängig von ihrer semantischen Transparenz in ihren Konstituenten segmentiert sind (z.B. Regenschirm in Regen und Schirm oder Maulwurf in Maul und Wurf). Unsere Resultate unterstützen die Annahme, dass die semantische Transparenz von Komposita auch Assoziationscharakteristika beeinflusst

Kinetics of N2O production and reduction in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer inferred from laboratory incubation experiments

Knowledge of the kinetics of N2O production and reduction in groundwater is essential for the assessment of potential indirect emissions of the greenhouse gas. In the present study, we investigated this kinetics using a laboratory approach. The results were compared to field measurements in order to examine their transferability to the in situ conditions. The study site was the unconfined, predominantly sandy Fuhrberger Feld aquifer in northern Germany. A special characteristic of the aquifer is the occurrence of the vertically separated process zones of heterotrophic denitrification in the near-surface groundwater and of autotrophic denitrification in depths beyond 2-3 m below the groundwater table, respectively. The kinetics of N2O production and reduction in both process zones was studied during long-term anaerobic laboratory incubations of aquifer slurries using the 15N tracer technique. We measured N2O, N2, NO3-, NO2-, and SO42- concentrations as well as parameters of the aquifer material that were related to the relevant electron donors, i.e. organic carbon and pyrite. The laboratory incubations showed a low denitrification activity of heterotrophic denitrification with initial rates between 0.2 and 13 μg N kg-1 d-1. The process was carbon limited due to the poor availability of its electron donor. In the autotrophic denitrification zone, initial denitrification rates were considerably higher, ranging between 30 and 148 μg N kg-1 d-1, and NO3- as well as N2O were completely removed within 60 to 198 days. N2O accumulated during heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification, but maximum concentrations were substantially higher during the autotrophic process. The results revealed a satisfactory transferability of the laboratory incubations to the field scale for autotrophic denitrification, whereas the heterotrophic process less reflected the field conditions due to considerably lower N2O accumulation during laboratory incubation. Finally, we applied a conventional model using first-order-kinetics to determine the reaction rate constants k1 for N2O production and k2 for N2O reduction, respectively. The goodness of fit to the experimental data was partly limited, indicating that a more sophisticated approach is essential to describe the investigated reaction kinetics satisfactorily.DF

The Republic Of Acastus v. The State Of Rubia: The Case Concerning The Elysian Fields

The differences between the Republic of Acastus and the State of Rubria concerning the Elysian Fields have been brought before the International Court of Justice in accordance with Article 40(1) of its statute by notification of the Compromis for Submission to the International Court of Justice of the Differences between the Republic of Acastus (Applicant) and the State of Rubria (Respondent) Concerning the Elysian Fields

Areal-averaged trace gas emission rates from long-range open-path measurements in stable boundary layer conditions

Measurements of land-surface emission rates of greenhouse and other gases at large spatial scales (10 000 m<sup>2</sup>) are needed to assess the spatial distribution of emissions. This can be readily done using spatial-integrating micro-meteorological methods like flux-gradient methods which were evaluated for determining land-surface emission rates of trace gases under stable boundary layers. Non-intrusive path-integrating measurements are utilized. Successful application of a flux-gradient method requires confidence in the gradients of trace gas concentration and wind, and in the applicability of boundary-layer turbulence theory; consequently the procedures to qualify measurements that can be used to determine the flux is critical. While there is relatively high confidence in flux measurements made under unstable atmospheres with mean winds greater than 1 m s<sup>−1</sup>, there is greater uncertainty in flux measurements made under free convective or stable conditions. The study of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions of flat grassland and NH<sub>3</sub> emissions from a cattle lagoon involves quality-assured determinations of fluxes under low wind, stable or night-time atmospheric conditions when the continuous "steady-state" turbulence of the surface boundary layer breaks down and the layer has intermittent turbulence. Results indicate that following the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) flux-gradient methods that assume a log-linear profile of the wind speed and concentration gradient incorrectly determine vertical profiles and thus flux in the stable boundary layer. An alternative approach is considered on the basis of turbulent diffusivity, i.e. the measured friction velocity as well as height gradients of horizontal wind speeds and concentrations without MOST correction for stability. It is shown that this is the most accurate of the flux-gradient methods under stable conditions