A new mini-triaxial cell for combined high-pressure and high-temperature in situ synchrotron X-ray microtomography experiments up to 400°C and 24 MPa.

A new experimental triaxial cell for in situ synchrotron X-ray micro-computed tomography aimed at imaging small samples of (6 mm × 19 mm) at high temperatures (up to 400°C) and pressures (up to 24 MPa confining) is presented. The system has flow-through capabilities, independent axial and radial pressure control, and has been developed and tested at the 8.3.2. beamline at the Advanced Light Source. The characteristics of this new experimental rig are described, along with the challenges, mainly concerning the combination of X-ray transparency with vessel strength at high temperature, and solutions found during the development stage. An experiment involving oil shale pyrolysis under subsurface conditions, highlighting the importance of a device able to operate in this pressure and temperature range, is also introduced. The availability of this cell enables an unprecedented range of experiments in the Earth Sciences, with a special focus on subsurface geothermal processes

Suprimento de proteína metabolizável de acordo com o nrc (2001) para vacas leiteiras pastejando capim elefante

Tropical pastures fertilized with nitrogen may have high crude protein (CP) contents with high rumen degradability. High crude protein concentrates offered to cows grazing these pastures may increase feed costs without positive effects on their performance. The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the effects of increasing metabolizable protein (MP) supply beyond the NRC (2001) recommendations for mid lactating dairy cows grazing elephant grass pasture (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) managed with high stocking rates. Three concentrates (6.3 kg DM-1 cow-1 day-1) were evaluated: control (17%CP) was adjusted in relation to MP according to the NRC (2001); the other two contained extra soybean meal, to increase the CP content to 21.2% (CP) and 25.0% (CP). Twelve multiparous Holstein cows, averaging 150 days of milk production at a rate of 19.5 kg of milk day-1, were used in a 3 &times; 3 latin square design, replicated four times. Forage consumption was 11,270 kg DM ha-1 with 34% of green leaves and 12% CP. Milk production, corrected to 3.5% fat, milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids contents were not affected by treatments (P > 0.05). Milk urea nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen increased linearly (P < 0.05) as the MP supply increased. Treatments did not affect (P > 0.05) body weight gain, body condition score, grazing time, ruminating time, resting time, rectal temperature and respiratory rate. Crude protein content in the concentrate formulated according to NRC (2001) is adequate for mid lactating cows grazing tropical pastures.Pastagens tropicais fertilizadas com nitrogênio podem ter alto teor de proteína bruta (PB) com alta degradabilidade ruminal. O fornecimento de concentrado com alto teor de PB para vacas mantidas nestas pastagens pode aumentar os custos sem efeitos positivos no desempenho. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do suprimento de proteína metabolizável acima das recomendações do NRC (2001) para vacas em pastejo. Quatorze piquetes de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) com 0,2 ha cada, foram usados em sistema de pastejo rotacionado. Três concentrados (6,3 kg MS-1 vaca-1 dia-1) foram avaliados. O concentrado controle com 17% PB na MS (17% PB) foi ajustado em proteína metabolizável de acordo com o NRC (2001). Os outros dois concentrados foram formulados inclusão extra de farelo de soja para conterem 21,2 (CP) e 25% (CP) de PB na MS. Foram usadas 12 vacas holandesas multíparas com 150 dias em lactação e produção de leite de 19,5 kg dia-1, arranjadas em QL 3 &times; 3 com quatro replicatas. A massa de forragem disponível era de 11.270 kg MS dia-1 com 34% de folhas verdes e 12% de PB. A produção de leite, produção de leite corrigida para 3,5%, teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais não foram afetados (P > 0,05) pelos tratamentos. O nitrogênio uréico do leite e o nitrogênio uréico do plasma aumentaram linearmente (P < 0,05) com o aumento do suprimento de proteína metabolizável. Os tratamentos não afetaram (P > 0,05) o ganho de peso, condição corporal, tempo de pastejo, tempo de ruminação, tempo em ócio, temperatura retal e a freqüência respiratória dos animais. O teor de PB no concentrado para suprir proteína metabolizável de acordo com o NRC (2001), é adequado para vacas em terço médio de lactação, mantidas em pastagens tropicais.FAPES

Productive and qualitative characteristics of elephant grass pasture grazed in fixed and intermittent intervals according to interception of active photosynthetic radiation

Objetivou-se avaliar dois intervalos de pastejo de pastos de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.): um intervalo variável, quando o dossel atingisse 95% de interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, e um intervalo de pastejo fixo, de 26 dias. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo. O intervalo de pastejo, a altura do dossel no pré e pós-pastejo, a interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa e o índice de área foliar foram maiores quando aplicado o intervalo de pastejo fixo. Não houve efeito dos intervalos de pastejo sobre as massas de forragem, de folhas e de colmos no pré e pós-pastejo nem sobre a densidade volumétrica do dossel no pré-pastejo. A massa de material morto foi menor no intervalo de pastejo variável em comparação ao intervalo fixo, tanto no pré quanto no pós-pastejo. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido nos pastos manejados em intervalo variável foram menores que naquela com intervalo fixo. A aplicação de intervalo de pastejo variável, por permitir redução do tempo de descanso do pasto, tem efeitos positivos na qualidade da forragem.The objective of this trial was to evaluate two intervals of grazing on elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) pasture. It was tested a variable grazing interval when it was observed an interception of 95% of active photosynthetic radiation by sward, and a 26-day fixed grazing interval. The experimental design was a complete randomized design with time repeated measurements. The interval of grazing, pre and post grazing sward heights, sward interception of active photosynthetic radiation and leaf area index were greater when the fixed pasture interval was applied. There was no effect of intervals of grazing on forage mass, leaf mass and stem mass in pre- or post-grazing neither for sward volumetric density in pre grazing. Dead material mass was lower for variable grazing interval than in fixzed grazing for both pre and post grazing. Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were lower in the grazing managed in the variable interval than in the fixed grazing interval. The use of variable grazing interval intervals that promoted reduction in resting time of the pasture resulted in positive effects on forage quality

Chest wall reconstruction with implantable cross-linked porcine dermal collagen matrix: Evaluation of clinical outcomes

Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate clinical applications, safety, and effectiveness of a porcine-derived acellular cross-linked dermal matrix biological mesh in chest wall reconstruction. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective multicenter database of chest wall reconstructions using a biological mesh in adult patients undergoing operation between October 2013 and December 2020. We evaluated preoperative data, type of resection and reconstruction, hospitalization, 30-day morbidity and mortality, and overall survival. Results: A total of 105 patients (36 women [34.2%]; mean age, 57.0 +/- 16.1 years; range, 18-90 years) were included, they have admitted for: primary chest wall tumor (n = 52; 49.5%), secondary chest wall tumor (n = 29; 27.6%), lung hernia (n = 12; 11.4%), trauma (n =10; 9.6%), and infections (n = 2; 1.9%). The surgical sites were preoperatively defined as at high risk of infection in 28 patients (26.7%) or as infected in 16 (15.2%) patients. Thirty-days morbidity was 30.5% (n = 32 patients); 14 patients (13.3%) had postoperative complications directly related to chest wall surgical resection and/or reconstruction. We experienced no 30-day mortality; 1-year and 2-year mortality was 8.4% and 16.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Biological mesh represents a valuable option in chest wall reconstruction even when surgical sites are infected or at high-risk of infections. This mesh shows low early and late postoperative complication rates and excellent long-term stability

Suprimento de proteína metabolizável de acordo com o nrc (2001) para vacas leiteiras pastejando capim elefante

Pastagens tropicais fertilizadas com nitrogênio podem ter alto teor de proteína bruta (PB) com alta degradabilidade ruminal. O fornecimento de concentrado com alto teor de PB para vacas mantidas nestas pastagens pode aumentar os custos sem efeitos positivos no desempenho. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do suprimento de proteína metabolizável acima das recomendações do NRC (2001) para vacas em pastejo. Quatorze piquetes de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) com 0,2 ha cada, foram usados em sistema de pastejo rotacionado. Três concentrados (6,3 kg MS-1 vaca-1 dia-1) foram avaliados. O concentrado controle com 17% PB na MS (17% PB) foi ajustado em proteína metabolizável de acordo com o NRC (2001). Os outros dois concentrados foram formulados inclusão extra de farelo de soja para conterem 21,2 (CP) e 25% (CP) de PB na MS. Foram usadas 12 vacas holandesas multíparas com 150 dias em lactação e produção de leite de 19,5 kg dia-1, arranjadas em QL 3 &times; 3 com quatro replicatas. A massa de forragem disponível era de 11.270 kg MS dia-1 com 34% de folhas verdes e 12% de PB. A produção de leite, produção de leite corrigida para 3,5%, teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais não foram afetados (P >; 0,05) pelos tratamentos. O nitrogênio uréico do leite e o nitrogênio uréico do plasma aumentaram linearmente (P ; 0,05) o ganho de peso, condição corporal, tempo de pastejo, tempo de ruminação, tempo em ócio, temperatura retal e a freqüência respiratória dos animais. O teor de PB no concentrado para suprir proteína metabolizável de acordo com o NRC (2001), é adequado para vacas em terço médio de lactação, mantidas em pastagens tropicais.Tropical pastures fertilized with nitrogen may have high crude protein (CP) contents with high rumen degradability. High crude protein concentrates offered to cows grazing these pastures may increase feed costs without positive effects on their performance. The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the effects of increasing metabolizable protein (MP) supply beyond the NRC (2001) recommendations for mid lactating dairy cows grazing elephant grass pasture (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier) managed with high stocking rates. Three concentrates (6.3 kg DM-1 cow-1 day-1) were evaluated: control (17%CP) was adjusted in relation to MP according to the NRC (2001); the other two contained extra soybean meal, to increase the CP content to 21.2% (CP) and 25.0% (CP). Twelve multiparous Holstein cows, averaging 150 days of milk production at a rate of 19.5 kg of milk day-1, were used in a 3 &times; 3 latin square design, replicated four times. Forage consumption was 11,270 kg DM ha-1 with 34% of green leaves and 12% CP. Milk production, corrected to 3.5% fat, milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids contents were not affected by treatments (P >; 0.05). Milk urea nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen increased linearly (P ; 0.05) body weight gain, body condition score, grazing time, ruminating time, resting time, rectal temperature and respiratory rate. Crude protein content in the concentrate formulated according to NRC (2001) is adequate for mid lactating cows grazing tropical pastures

In-situ Phase Transformation and Deformation of Iron at High Pressure andTemperature

With a membrane based mechanism to allow for pressure change of a sample in aradial diffraction diamond anvil cell (rDAC) and simultaneous infra-red laser heating, itis now possible to investigate texture changes during deformation and phasetransformations over a wide range of temperature-pressure conditions. The device isused to study bcc (alpha), fcc (gamma) and hcp (epislon) iron. In bcc iron, room temperature compression generates a texture characterized by (100) and (111) poles parallel to the compression direction. During the deformation induced phase transformation to hcp iron, a subset of orientations are favored to transform to the hcp structure first and generate a texture of (01-10) at high angles to the compression direction. Upon further deformation, the remaining grains transform, resulting in a texture that obeys the Burgers relationship of (110)bcc // (0001)hcp. This is in contrast to high temperature results that indicate that texture is developed through dominant pyramidal&lt;a+c&gt; {2-1-12}&lt;2-1-13&gt; and basal (0001)-{2-1-10} slip based on polycrystal plasticity modeling. We also observe that the high temperature fcc phase develops a 110 texture typical for fcc metals deformed in compression

Markers of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome after Lung Transplant: Between Old Knowledge and Future Perspective

Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the most common form of CLAD and is characterized by airflow limitation and an obstructive spirometric pattern without high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) evidence of parenchymal opacities. Computed tomography and microCT analysis show abundant small airway obstruction, starting from the fifth generation of airway branching and affecting up to 40–70% of airways. The pathogenesis of BOS remains unclear. It is a multifactorial syndrome that leads to pathological tissue changes and clinical manifestations. Because BOS is associated with the worst long-term survival in LTx patients, many studies are focused on the early identification of BOS. Markers may be useful for diagnosis and for understanding the molecular and immunological mechanisms involved in the onset of BOS. Diagnostic and predictive markers of BOS have also been investigated in various biological materials, such as blood, BAL, lung tissue and extracellular vesicles. The aim of this review was to evaluate the scientific literature on markers of BOS after lung transplant. We performed a systematic review to find all available data on potential prognostic and diagnostic markers of BOS

Deformation of lower-mantle ferropericlase (Mg, Fe)O across the electronic spin transition, Phys

Abstract Recent high-pressure studies have shown that an electronic spin transition of iron in ferropericlase, an expected major phase of Earth&apos;s lower mantle, results in changes in its properties, including density, incompressibility, radiative thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and sound velocities. To understand the rheology of ferropericlase across the spin transition, we have used in situ radial X-ray diffraction techniques to examine ferropericlase, (Mg 0.83 ,Fe 0.17 )O, deformed non-hydrostatically in a diamond cell up to 81 GPa at room temperature. Compared with recent quasi-hydrostatic studies, the range of the spin transition is shifted by approximately 20 GPa as a result of the presence of large differential stress in the sample. We also observed a reduction in incompressibility and in the unit cell volume of 3% across the spin transition. Our radial X-ray diffraction results show that the {0 0 1} texture is the dominant lattice preferred orientation in ferropericlase across the spin transition and in the low-spin state. Viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal plasticity simulations suggest that this preferred orientation pattern is produced by {1 1 0}\1-10[ slip. Analyzing our radial X-ray diffraction patterns using lattice strain theory, we evaluated the lattice d-spacings of ferropericlase and Mo as a function of the w angle between the compression direction and the diffracting plane normal. These analyses give the ratio between the uniaxial stress component (t) and the shear modulus (G) under constant stress condition, which represents a proxy for the supported differential stress and elastic strength. This ratio in the mixed-spin and low-spin states is lower than what is expected from previous studies of high-spin ferropericlase, indicating that the spin transition results in a reduced differential stress and elastic strength along with the volume reduction. The influence of the spin transition on the differential stress and strength of ferropericlase is expected to be less dominant across the wide spin transition zone at high pressure-temperature conditions relevant to the lower mantle