Дії, що дезорганізують роботу установ виконання покарань: співрозмірність злочину та покарання

Досліджується співрозмірність покарання за дії, що дезорганізують роботу уста­нов виконання покарань (ст. 392 КК України), із характером та ступенем суспільної небезпеки цього злочину, а також співрозмірність покарання за злочин, що розгля­дається, із покараннями за окремі злочини із суміжними складами.Исследуется соразмерность наказания за действия, которые дезорганизуют рабо­ту учреждений исполнения наказаний (ст. 392 УК Украины), с характером и уровнем общественной опасности этого преступления, а также с соразмерность наказания за расматриваемое преступление с наказаними за отдельные преступления со смежными составами.The article contains the study of adequacy of punishment for actions disorganizing work of penitentiary institutions (art. 392 of Criminal Code of Ukraine) and public danger of this crime also punishments for other crimes

12-Month comorbidity patterns and associated factors in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project

Objective: Comorbidity patterns of 12-month mood, anxiety andalcohol disorders and socio-demographic factors associated withcomorbidity were studied among the general population of sixEuropean countries.Method: Data were derived from the European Study of theEpidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), a cross-sectionalpsychiatric epidemiological study in a representative sample of adultsaged 18 years or older in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, theNetherlands and Spain. The diagnostic instrument used was theComposite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI). Data arebased on 21 425 completed interviews.Results: In general, high associations were found within the separateanxiety disorders and between mood and anxiety disorders. Lowestcomorbidity associations were found for specific phobia and alcoholabuse—the disorders with the least functional disabilities. Comorbiditypatterns were consistent cross-nationally. Associated factors forcomorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders were female gender, youngerage, lower educational level, higher degree of urbanicity, not living with apartner and unemployment. Only younger people were at greater risk forcomorbidity of alcohol disorder with mood, anxiety disorders or both.Conclusion: High levels of comorbidity are found in the generalpopulation. Comorbidity is more common in specific groups. Toreduce psychiatric burden, early intervention in populations with aprimary disorder is important to prevent comorbidity

Psychological changes and cognitive impairments in adolescent heavy drinkers

Aims: Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by increased risk-taking behavior, including the initiation of alcohol and other substance use. In this brief review paper we describe psychological and cognitive constructs that are associated with heavy drinking during adolescence. These associations raise the question of causality: is alcohol somehow neurotoxic, or can we identify specific psychological and cognitive variables that serve as risk factors for the escalation of heavy drinking? Methods: This narrative review summarizes results of recent prospective studies that focus on causal relationships between adolescents' alcohol use, and psychological changes and cognitive impairments. Results: Psychological constructs such as elevated impulsivity and poor executive function are risk factors for alcohol involvement in youth. Furthermore heavy drinking during adolescence, particularly in a binge pattern, may exert neurotoxic effects and produce corresponding changes in executive function, perhaps setting the stage for the development of alcohol use disorders later on in life. Conclusion: Although the findings of the discussed studies shed light on the nature of the relationships between alcohol involvement and cognitive deficits, the question of cause and effect remains unanswered. The limitations of existing research and the need for well-powered prospective studies are highlighted

Psychosocial Disability Before, During, and After a Major Depressive Episode : A 3-Wave Population-Based Study of State, Scar, and Trait Effects

Item does not contain fulltextBackground: Psychosocial disability after remission from a unipolar major depressive episode (MDE) can be due to (1) residual symptoms (state effect), (2) the continuation of premorbid disability (trait effect), and/or (3) disability that developed during the MDE and persisted beyond recovery (scar effect). Methods: Data came from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), a prospective Dutch psychiatric population-based survey. We obtained psychiatric data (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) and information on psychosocial functioning (work, housekeeping, spouse/partner, and leisure-time domains) from 4796 respondents in 1996 (T1), 1997 (T2), and 1999 (T3). We evaluated trait effects using betweensubject comparisons, and state and scar effects using withinsubject comparisons. Results: In 216 and 118 respondents, a first and a recurrent MDE developed, respectively, after T1 that remitted before T3. Compared with never-MDE individuals, first-MDE subjects had higher disability scores long before their episode (effect size, 0.42-0.57 U). During the MDE, disability further increased in first- and recurrent-MDE subjects (effect size, 0.44-0.79 U), but returned to its premorbid level after MDE remission, except in subjects who experienced a severe recurrent episode. If the premorbid period (T1 to MDE onset) was longer than the postmorbid period (MDE remission to T3), disability at T3 was higher than at T1, misleadingly suggesting scar effects. The reverse occurred if the premorbid period was shorter than the postmorbid period. Conclusions: Postmorbid psychosocial disability reflects largely the continuation of premorbid psychosocial disability. Scarring does not occur routinely, but may occur in a severe recurrent episode. Within-subject premorbid- postmorbid comparisons are sensitive to state effects of prodromal and residual symptoms. These findings point at the following 2 independent processes: (1) the ongoing expression of trait vulnerability to depression in mild psychosocial dysfunctioning; and (2) synchrony of change between severity of depressive symptoms and psychosocial disability

Bipolar disorder in the general population in The Netherlands (prevalence, consequences and care utilisation): results from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)

Item does not contain fulltextBackground: Little is known about the prevalence of bipolar disorder in the general population, what proportion is receiving care and what factors motivate people to seek help. Method: Data were derived from The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), a psychiatric epidemiological study in the general population in The Netherlands. DSM-III-R diagnoses were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Results: Lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder was 1.9%. Compared to other mental disorders, people with bipolar disorder were more often incapacitated were more likely to have attempted suicide and reported a poorer quality of life 82.8% had experienced an additional mental disorder in their lifetime; 25.5% had never sought help for their emotional problems, not even primary, informal or alternative care. Limitations: Three limitations of the study are: (1) the CIDI prevalence estimates for bipolar disorder may be inflated; (2) personality disorders were not recorded in the NEMESIS dataset; (3) in NEMESIS certain groups have not been reached. Conclusion: Three-quarters of the bipolar respondents do not benefit sufficiently from the treatment methods now available. In view of the serious consequences of this condition, greater efforts are needed to reach people with bipolar disorder, to get them into treatment

Prevalence of bipolar disorder: a further study in The Netherlands

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Low self-recognition and awareness of past hypomanic and manic episodes in the general population

Background Bipolar disorder is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Its detection and correct diagnosis highly relies on the report of past hypomanic or manic episodes. We investigated the recognition and awareness of past hypomanic and manic episodes in a sample of respondents with bipolar disorder selected from a general population study. Methods In a reappraisal study from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), we further investigated 40 respondents with lifetime bipolar disorder confirmed by the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Respondents were asked about awareness of past depressive, manic and hypomanic episodes, illness characteristics and treatment history. Results Most respondents (82.5 %) recognized that they had experienced a depressive episode while 75 % had consulted a health professional for a depressive episode. Only a minority (22.5 %) recognized that they had experienced a (hypo)manic episode and only 17.5 % had consulted a health professional for a (hypo)manic episode. Only 12.5 % of the respondents reported having received a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Recognition of previous (hypo)manic episodes was not related to severity of bipolar disorder. Conclusions In routine clinical practice history-taking on a syndromal level, i.e., only inquiring whether a patient presenting with depression ever experienced a hypomanic or manic episode or received treatment for such an episode, is not sufficient to confirm or exclude a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Other efforts, such as an interview with a significant other and the use of self report questionnaires or (semi-)structured interviews may be needed to recognize previous manic symptoms in patients with depression

Managing budgets and risk

Aims: To investigate the influence of parenting styles (overprotection, emotional warmth, and rejection) in early adolescence on regular alcohol use in late adolescence. Methods: We analyzed data from the first three waves (mean ages: 11.09, 13.56, and 16.27 years, respectively) of a population-based prospective cohort study of 2,230 adolescents, conducted between 2001 and 2007. Adolescents reported on parental overprotection, emotional warmth, and rejection (T1). Regular alcohol use was defined as six and seven glasses or more a week for girls and boys, respectively. We further assessed family socioeconomic status, parental divorce, parental alcohol use, educational level of the adolescent, and alcohol use at baseline. Results: Parental overprotection had the strongest relationship to regular alcohol use: adolescents who perceived more parental overprotection were at increased risk of developing regular alcohol use, even after adjustment for several confounders. Rejection was not related to adolescents' alcohol use and, after adjustment for the other variables, neither was emotional warmth. Conclusion: Overprotective parenting is a determinant of future regular adolescent alcohol use and therefore health professionals should pay particular attention to those adolescents who have overprotective parents. The role of adolescent characteristics in the relationship between overprotection and alcohol use deserves further study