Dinamika rastitel'nosti natsional'nogo parka "Orlovskoye polesye" v pozdnem golotsene = Vegetation dynamics in the "Orlovskoye Polesye" National Park in Late Holocene (in Russian)

The paper presents the first results of palaeobotanical study of the late Holocene peat deposits within the territory of the "Orlovskoye Polesye” National Park. Data obtained show, that mixed pine-broad leaved forests dominated the area during the past 3500 years. The early agricultural colonization of the territory by humans caused vegetation disturbances and led to a reduction of the proportion of a broadleaved trees in forest stands since 1600 years BP. During the last several centuries, the increased human impact resulted in further degradation of broadleaved forests and expansion of secondary forest stands. (Text in Russian!

Level differentiation technology in vocational education

Differentiated learning technology has been used for a long time. However, with the introduction of innovative educational technologies, it acquires new features and therefore requires additional research. Higher schools are in the process of searching for elements based on a personality-focused approach and introduce the most effective technologies in this process.  The purpose of the article is to discusses the implementation of technologies that provide a single differentiation in the process of preparing students. The characteristic of students' work in differentiated educational conditions is presented. Teaching and training students is arranged in groups. As a result, there is a way to prepare competent students, making them highly qualified professionals. The study shows that there are great opportunities in teaching students of a higher educational institution. The formation of competencies with the help of differentiated learning technology becomes more effective, since individual characteristics of each student are taken into account and their interest and motivation to study a particular course increases. Differentiated tasks allow you to monitor dynamics of the development of students' competence, the systematic implementation of a certain type of tasks that are suitable for certain groups of students.The article presents a study of the level of training of students of the University of the 3rd year of study. The study was conducted in 2018 throughout the school year. Our results are based on data obtained from two groups of students with the same number of subjects. The introduction of differentiated learning technology can improve the quality of training of higher education institutions students. With the help of these technologies, each student, building training in accordance with their personal characteristics and professional needs, achieves success in mastering the material, quickly forms professional competence. The results of the study focused on the quality of training showed that differentiated technologies improve students’ performance

THE RESOCIALIZATION PROCESS OF ELDERLY AND DISABLED THROUGH CLUB ACTIVITIES IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE

Purpose: The article presents the results of sociological research on the issues of the re-socialization of elderly and people with functional limitations and health problems through club activities, based on the example of five institutions (boarding houses for the elderly and disabled) located in Belgorod region. Methodology: The study was conducted in 2019 and included two stages: (1) the survey of elderly and disabled, living in institutional care (n = 60) and (2) the expert survey (n = 30), including employees and the administration of boarding houses for the elderly and disabled. Result: The research found that the successful re-socialization of the elderly and disabled living in residential institutions depends on a combination of factors: the social infrastructure of the institutional care, health status, interpersonal relations with the staff, the range of social connections, as well as the diversity of leisure facilities and their own activity. The results of the study suggest that the involvement in the club activities of the elderly and disabled, living in residential institutions will become a significant resource for their re-socialization process. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of The Resocialization Process of Elderly and Disabled through Club Activities in Institutional Care is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner

WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERIC IONIC 5-FLUOROURACIL COMPLEX BASED ON METHACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMERS

Objective: The objective of this work was to obtain a water-soluble 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) polymeric complex on the basis of a methacrylic acid (MAA) copolymer to be used as an injectable chemotherapeutic agent. Methods: A polymeric carrier was synthesized using tert-butyl methacrylate (TBMA) as a monomer, thioglycolic acid, and azobisisobutyronitrile as a radical polymerization initiator. The polymer was converted by acid hydrolysis into a water-soluble copolymer of TBMA and MAA of 20: 80 mass%, respectively. The copolymer of TBMA and MAA was modified with 5-FU. Their formation was proved using IR and UV spectroscopy. The particle size of the 5-FU polymeric complex was estimated by turbidimetry, which is based on measuring the intensity of light transmitted through a disperse system. The release of 5-FU from the obtained ionic complexes by dialysis in vitro was evaluated. Results: Polymeric carriers were obtained with different amounts of 5-FU (5, 15, 25, 50 mol%). A high peak at λ = 266 nm was observed in the UV spectrum of the polymeric carrier (characteristic of 5-FU). The particle size was estimated at 13 nm for the complex with 5 mol% 5-FU and 26.8 n for the complex with 50 mol% 5-FU. The 5-FU release was estimated in two parallel experiments at 37 °C. One utilized a phosphate-citrate buffer with pH 5.0 to model the intracellular space and the other, a phosphate buffer with pH 7.4 to model the intravascular space. Two systems, with 5 and 15 mol% 5-FU, were chosen for testing. In both phosphate buffer and phosphate-citrate buffer, 5-FU was released from the polymeric complex with 5 mol% 5-FU approximately 1.3 times faster than from the complex containing 5 mol% 5-fluorouracil. The kinetics of 5-FU release from the polymeric complex (5 mol% 5-fluorouracil) showed that the 5-FU release was 77.9% in phosphate-citrate buffer and 59.6% in phosphate buffer over 52 h of dialysis. When the 5-FU release kinetics was studied with the polymeric complex containing 15 mol% 5-FU, the 5-FU release was 100.0% in phosphate-citrate buffer and 75.1% in phosphate buffer over 57 h of dialysis. Conclusion: Water-soluble nanoscale complexes of 5-FU with TBMA–MAA copolymers extend application of 5-FU, while its general toxicity might be lower. The complexes are sufficiently stable at pH 7.4 and readily release 5-FU at pH 5.0

Crystal structure and spin-trimer magnetism of Rb-2.3(H2O)(0.8)Mn-3[B4P6O24(O,OH)(2)]

The title borophosphate is characterized by a rare combination of the magnetic high-spin Mn2+ ions in both octahedral and tetrahedral coordinations. The crystal structure and magnetic properties are presented.</p

The Readiness of the Population to Introduce a Pharmaceutical Insurance System in Kazakhstan

Предмет исследования: комплекс факторов, влияющих на готовность граждан к внедрению в Казахстане новой системы страхования лекарственного обеспечения. Цель работы: исследовать готовность казахстанцев к введению системы страхования лекарственного обеспечения, предусматривающей 50 % государственное софинансирование. В 2022 г. авторами статьи было осуществлено социально-экономическое обоснование целесообразности внедрения в республике новой системы страхования, а также разработаны методология и инструментарий прикладного исследования. В статье приводятся результаты массового опроса населения на выборке 5 819 человек из 17 регионов республики (выборка многоступенчатая, квотная). Для обработки и анализа данных опроса применялись методы компьютерного анализа данных (SPSS 25.0), статистического анализа, сравнительного анализа, классификации, группировки. Выявлены и классифицированы факторы, в различной степени влияющие на готовность населения Казахстана к введению новой системы страхования лекарственного обеспечения: субъективное одобрение; финансовые возможности; состояние здоровья; социально-демографические характеристики. Население Казахстана в целом характеризуется средней степенью готовности к введению новой системы страхования лекарственного обеспечения. Однако около трети респондентов не имеют сформированного положительного или отрицательного мнения. Эмпирические данные подтверждают низкую информированность населения по теме медицинского страхования. Результаты применимы в деятельности Министерства здравоохранения Казахстана посредством включения системы страхования лекарственного обеспечения в программы обязательного и добровольного медицинского страхования. Исследование показало, что оптимальному внедрению и устойчивости новой системы будет способствовать разработка альтернативных персонально ориентированных страховых комплектов, предназначенных для людей, во‑первых, с разным уровнем доходов, во‑вторых, с индивидуальным риском возникновения и осложнения болезней, наступления инвалидности. Для успешной реализации новой системы руководству Министерства здравоохранения Казахстана рекомендуется расширять просветительскую работу с населением в области обязательного и добровольного медицинского страхованияSubject of the study: a set of factors affecting the readiness of citizens to introduce a new pharmaceutical insurance system in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the work: to study the readiness of the population of Kazakhstan to introduce a pharmaceutical insurance system with 50 % state co-financing. In 2022, the authors of the article within the framework of the project “Development of a quantitative methodology for identifying population groups ready to support the introduction of pharmaceutical insurance and assessment of the financial stability of this type of insurance in Kazakhstan” (AP09259811) gave a socio-economic justification for the feasibility of introducing pharmaceutical insurance in the republic, and also developed a methodology and tools for applied scientific study. The article presents the results of a mass survey of the population. Sample: 5,819 people from 17 regions of Kazakhstan (multi-stage, quota sampling). To process and analyze the survey data, the following methods were used: computer analysis of primary sociological data (SPSS 25.0), statistical analysis, comparative analysis, classification, grouping. The factors influencing the readiness of the population of Kazakhstan to introduce a new pharmaceutical insurance system to varying degrees have been identified and classified: 1) subjective approval; 2) financial capabilities; 3) health status; 4) socio-demographic characteristics. The population of Kazakhstan is characterized by an average degree of readiness for the introduction of a new pharmaceutical insurance system (43.9 %). However, 37.7 % of respondents do not have a clearly formed positive or negative opinion. Empirical data confirm the low awareness of the population on the topic of health insurance in general. The results can be applied in the work of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. More precisely, they can be integrated into the pharmaceutical insurance system (namely, into compulsory and private health insurance programs). The study showed the feasibility of introducing a new pharmaceutical insurance system in Kazakhstan with 50 % state co-financing. The optimal implementation and sustainability of the new system will be facilitated by the development of alternative personally oriented insurance kits designed for people, firstly, with different income levels, and secondly, with an individual risk of the occurrence and complications of diseases, as well as the onset of disability. For the successful implementation of the new system, the leadership of the Ministry of Health of Kazakhstan is recommended to expand educational work among the population of the republic in the field of compulsory and voluntary health insuranc

Selective footprints and genes relevant to cold adaptation and other phenotypic traits are unscrambled in the genomes of divergently selected chicken breeds

Background: The genomes of worldwide poultry breeds divergently selected for performance and other phenotypic traits may also be affected by, and formed due to, past and current admixture events. Adaptation to diverse environments, including acclimation to harsh climatic conditions, has also left selection footprints in breed genomes. Results: Using the Chicken 50K_CobbCons SNP chip, we genotyped four divergently selected breeds: two aboriginal, cold tolerant Ushanka and Orloff Mille Fleur, one egg-type Russian White subjected to artificial selection for cold tolerance, and one meat-type White Cornish. Signals of selective sweeps were determined in the studied breeds using three methods: (1) assessment of runs of homozygosity islands, (2) FST based population differential analysis, and (3) haplotype differentiation analysis. Genomic regions of true selection signatures were identified by two or more methods or in two or more breeds. In these regions, we detected 540 prioritized candidate genes supplemented them with those that occurred in one breed using one statistic and were suggested in other studies. Amongst them, SOX5, ME3, ZNF536, WWP1, RIPK2, OSGIN2, DECR1, TPO, PPARGC1A, BDNF, MSTN, and beta-keratin genes can be especially mentioned as candidates for cold adaptation. Epigenetic factors may be involved in regulating some of these important genes (e.g., TPO and BDNF). Conclusion: Based on a genome-wide scan, our findings can help dissect the genetic architecture underlying various phenotypic traits in chicken breeds. These include genes representing the sine qua non for adaptation to harsh environments. Cold tolerance in acclimated chicken breeds may be developed following one of few specific gene expression mechanisms or more than one overlapping response known in cold-exposed individuals, and this warrants further investigation

Whole genome screening procures a holistic hold of the Russian chicken gene pool heritage and demographic history

Simple Summary: A collection of native farm animal breeds can be considered as a gene pool and a national heritage. Long-term artificial selection in domesticated animals has certain effects on their genomes, which can be investigated using genome-wide screens for DNA sequence variation, that is, so-called single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) screens. Here, we looked at the genomes of 19 Russian chicken gene pool breeds, both native and imported, evaluating the contrasting egg, meat and dual-purpose types. Based on genetic diversity statistics, we identified differences between the breeds using many DNA markers (SNPs) that may represent genomic regions that are being selected for, either within a specific breed or shared between breeds. Our research will be helpful for further understanding the genomic diversity and demographic history of Russian domestic chickens. This would be essential for their successful breeding. Abstract: A study for genomic variation that may reflect putative selective signaling and be associated with economically important traits is instrumental for obtaining information about demographic and selection history in domestic animal species and populations. A rich variety of the Russian chicken gene pool breeds warrants a further detailed study. Specifically, their genomic features can derive implications from their genome architecture and selective footprints for their subsequent breeding and practical efficient exploitation. In the present work, whole genome genotyping of 19 chicken breeds (20 populations with up to 71 samples each) was performed using the Chicken 50 K BeadChip DNA chip. The studied breed sample included six native Russian breeds of chickens developed in the 17th–19th centuries, as well as eight Russian chicken breeds, including the Russian White (RW), created in the 20th century on the basis of improving local chickens using breeds of foreign selection. Five specialized foreign breeds of chickens, including the White Leghorn (WL), were used along with other breeds representing the Russian gene pool. The characteristics of the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the native breeds of chickens were represented in comparison with foreign breeds. It was established that the studied native breeds demonstrate their own genetic structure that distinguishes them from foreign breeds, and from each other. For example, we previously made an assumption on what could cause the differences between two RW populations, RW1 and RW2. From the data obtained here, it was verified that WL was additionally crossed to RW2, unlike RW1. Thus, inherently, RW1 is a purer population of this improved Russian breed. A significant contribution of the gene pool of native breeds to the global genetic diversity of chickens was shown. In general, based on the results of a multilateral survey of this sample of breeds, it can be concluded that phylogenetic relationships based on their genetic structure and variability robustly reflect the known, previously postulated and newly discovered patterns of evolution of native chickens. The results herein presented will aid selection and breeding work using this gene pool