Производные и интегралы дробных комплексных порядков функций дискретной переменной

Вводится дискретный d-оператор дробного интегродифференцирования комплексных порядков. Рассматривается алгоритм дискретного дифференцирования и дискретного интегрирования функций дискретной переменной

The euro and prices: changeover-related inflation and price convergence in the euro area

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of the 'euro cash changeover' on consumer prices in the euro area. The report begins by describing price developments at the time of the introduction of euro notes and coins. The study also investigates the impact of price developments at the euro changeover on different households by socio-economic group. The third part of the report focuses on inflation perceptions and a fourth section explores the cross-border convergence of prices since the euro changeover. The following findings can be highlighted: (1) it appears that aggregate inflation rates were largely unaffected by the introduction of the euro; (2) overall, differences in inflation rates across different types of households are small; (3) inflation perceptions are mainly driven by lagged perceptions, inflation expectations and actual inflation while different individual inflation experiences also help to explain the 'jumps' in perception data; (4) price differentials have generally declined over time across European countries though there is no sizeable euro introduction convergence effect.The Euro and Prices: Changeover-related Inflation and Price Convergence in the Euro Area, euro changeover, inflation, perceptions, convergence, household-specific inflation, Sturm, Fritsche, Graff, Lamla, Lein, Nitsch, Liechti, Triet

Expression and processing of Plasmodium berghei SERA3 during liver stages

Cysteine proteases mediate liberation of Plasmodium berghei merozoites from infected hepatocytes. In an attempt to identify the responsible parasite proteases, we screened the genome of P. berghei for cysteine protease-encoding genes. RT-PCR analyses revealed that transcription of four out of five P. berghei serine repeat antigen (PbSERA) genes was strongly upregulated in late liver stages briefly before the parasitophorous vacuole membrane ruptured to release merozoites into the host cell cytoplasm, suggesting a role of PbSERA proteases in these processes. In order to characterize PbSERA3 processing, we raised an antiserum against a non-conserved region of the protein and generated a transgenic P. berghei strain expressing a TAP-tagged PbSERA3 under the control of the endogenous promoter. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that PbSERA3 leaks into the host cell cytoplasm during merozoite development, where it might contribute to host cell death or activate host cell proteases that execute cell death. Importantly, processed PbSERA3 has been detected by Western blot analysis in cell extracts of schizont-infected cells and merozoite-infected detached hepatic cells

Present and past bio-available phosphorus budget in the ultra-oligotrophic Lake Brienz

Abstract.: A detailed budget of the fluxes of bio-available phosphorus (bio-P) was established for the ultra-oligotrophic Lake Brienz (Switzerland) and its catchment. Lake Brienz is a cold, deep oligotrophic peri-alpine lake that receives an annual load of approximately 300 kt of suspended sediments, mainly from two glacier-influenced rivers. The challenge was to overcome the associated high background of mineral-bound inorganic phosphorus (IP) of ~200 t yr−1 that is mostly inaccessible to algae growth. The application of six complementary, independent datasets allowed a consistent balance of bio-P to be obtained. We made use of data on (a) the load imported by the contributing rivers, (b) net sedimentation from cores, (c) export of bio-P from catchment land to the surface waters estimated by a GIS model, (d) the downward flux of bio-P through the water column from sediment traps, (e) primary production, and (f) the mineralization rate of organic material from the consumption of oxidants in the uppermost sediment of the lake. The average bio-P load estimated from import measurements and net sedimentation is 7.0 t yr−1 with an error of about 10%: An estimated 5.4 t yr−1 enters by way of the two main rivers (including 0.9 t yr−1 from sewage treatment plants), 1.2 t yr−1 from the remaining catchment (including 0.4 t yr−1 from sewage treatment plants that are diverted directly into the lake), and ~1 t yr−1 from atmospheric deposition. Approximately 2 t of bio-P are retained annually in the sediments of the upstream dams and thereby withheld from downstream Lake Brienz. The maximum eutrophication of the lake in the late 1970s and the subsequent re-oligotrophication can be attributed to the loads of urban wastewater. The drop in biological productivity since the late 1970s is consistent with the decrease of bio-P fluxes archived in the sediment, the record of the sewage treatment plant outflows and the few occasional in-situ observation

1,3,5,7-Tetra-tert-butyl-4-aza- und 1,3,5,7-Tetra-tert-4-phospha-s-indacen

s-Indacen 1 [1], ein tricyclisches, nichtalternierendes [4n]π-System, war wiederholt Gegenstand theoretischer und experimenteller Untersuchungen. Formal läßt sich 1 als durch zwei σ-Bindungen gestortes [12]Annulen und somit als antiaromatische Verbindung auffassen. Dementsprechend legten bisherige Rechnungen [2 -4] fur 1 einen Grundzustand mit lokalisierten Doppelbindungen und den C2h-symmetrischen π-Bindungsisomeren 1A und 1B nahe

Nucleus Accumbens is Involved in Human Action Monitoring: Evidence from Invasive Electrophysiological Recordings

The Nucleus accumbens (Nacc) has been proposed to act as a limbic-motor interface. Here, using invasive intraoperative recordings in an awake patient suffering from obsessive-compulsive disease (OCD), we demonstrate that its activity is modulated by the quality of performance of the subject in a choice reaction time task designed to tap action monitoring processes. Action monitoring, that is, error detection and correction, is thought to be supported by a system involving the dopaminergic midbrain, the basal ganglia, and the medial prefrontal cortex. In surface electrophysiological recordings, action monitoring is indexed by an error-related negativity (ERN) appearing time-locked to the erroneous responses and emanating from the medial frontal cortex. In preoperative scalp recordings the patient's ERN was found to be significantly increased compared to a large (n = 83) normal sample, suggesting enhanced action monitoring processes. Intraoperatively, error-related modulations were obtained from the Nacc but not from a site 5 mm above. Importantly, cross-correlation analysis showed that error-related activity in the Nacc preceded surface activity by 40 ms. We propose that the Nacc is involved in action monitoring, possibly by using error signals from the dopaminergic midbrain to adjust the relative impact of limbic and prefrontal inputs on frontal control systems in order to optimize goal-directed behavior