“Might Not Be a Tomorrow”: A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

A number of researchers point to the anticipation of early death, or a sense of futurelessness, as a contributing factor to youth crime and violence. Young people who perceive a high probability of early death, it is argued, may have little reason to delay gratification for the promise of future benefits, as the future itself is discounted. Consequently, these young people tend to pursue high-risk behaviors associated with immediate rewards, including crime and violence. Although existing studies lend empirical support to these arguments and show a statistical relationship between anticipated early death and youth crime, this support remains tentative. Moreover, a number of questions remain regarding the interpretation of this relationship, the meanings that offenders attach to the prospect of early death, and the causal mechanisms that link anticipated early death to youth crime. In this paper, we address the limitations of previous studies using a multi-methods approach, involving the analyses of national survey data and in-depth interviews with active street offenders

Does the non-union scoring system (NUSS) affect the treatment approach of non-union?

Aim: To investigate the effectiveness of the non-union scoring system (NUSS) in predicting the result and in guiding the treatment by comparing the treatment methods applied to non-union patients we treat in our clinic with the treatment methods suggested by the NUSS. Methods: The study included 116 patients, who were diagnosed with long bone (femur, tibia and humerus) non-union and treated in our clinic. Of the 116 patients with non-union, 48 had femur (41.38 %), 39 had tibia (33.62%) and 29 had humerus (25%) non-union. The patient scores were calculated according to the NUSS criteria. The patients were divided into four groups according to their total scores. There were 34 patients in the first group (0-25 points), 49 patients in the second group (26-50 points), 30 patients in the third group (51-75 points) and three patients in the fourth group (76-100 points). Results: Union that was achieved in 79 (68.10%) of all patients was detected in 97.05% of the patients in the first group, 83.67% in the second group, and 16.66 % in the third group. Amputation, arthroplasty and arthrodesis were applied to three patients in the fourth group. While union rate was 100 % in the femur and tibia in the first group, it was 90% in the humerus. The union rates were 85.71% in the humerus, 75% in the femur and 100% in the tibia in the second group. They were 20 % in the humerus, 15.38% in the femur and 16.66% in the tibia in the third group. The number of patients treated with the treatment proposed by the NUSS: 100% in the group 1, 83.67% in the group 2, 20% in the group 3 and 100% in the group 4. The risk of non-union in those who were not treated according to the NUSS recommendations was 28 times higher than that of others. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that more frequent use of the NUSS procedure in non-union treatment planning may increase treatment success. In addition, NUSS can provide information about the treatment process of non-unions

"Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

A number of researchers point to the anticipation of early death, or a sense of "futurelessness," as a contributing factor to youth crime and violence. Young people who perceive a high probability of early death, it is argued, may have little reason to delay gratification for the promise of future benefits, as the future itself is discounted. Consequently, these young people tend to pursue high-risk behaviors associated with immediate rewards, including crime and violence. Although existing studies lend empirical support to these arguments and show a statistical relationship between anticipated early death and youth crime, this support remains tentative. Moreover, a number of questions remain regarding the interpretation of this relationship, the meanings that offenders attach to the prospect of early death, and the causal mechanisms that link anticipated early death to youth crime. In this paper, we address the limitations of previous studies using a multi-methods approach, involving the analyses of national survey data and in-depth interviews with active street offenders.

Less Cash, Less Crime: Evidence from the Electronic Benefit Transfer Program

It has been long recognized that cash plays a critical role in fueling street crime due to its liquidity and transactional anonymity. In poor neighborhoods where street offenses are concentrated, a significant source of circulating cash stems from public assistance or welfare payments. In the 1990s, the Federal government mandated individual states to convert the delivery of their welfare program benefits from paper checks to an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) system, whereby recipients received and expended their funds through debit cards. In this paper, we investigate whether the reduction in the circulation of cash on the streets associated with EBT implementation had an effect on crime. To address this question, we exploit the variation in the timing of the EBT implementation across Missouri counties. Our results indicate that the EBT program had a negative and significant effect on the overall crime rate as well as burglary, assault, and larceny. According to our point estimates, the overall crime rate decreased by 9.8 percent in response to the EBT program. We also find a negative effect on arrests, especially those associated with non-drug offenses. Interestingly, the significant drop in crime in the United States over several decades has coincided with a period of steady decline in the proportion of financial transactions involving cash. In that sense, our findings serve as a fresh contribution to the important debate surrounding the factors underpinning the great American crime decline

A simple concept for covering pressure sores : wound edge-based propeller perforator flap

We present a new surgical modification to allow propeller perforator flaps to cover pressure sores at various locations. We used a propeller perforator flap concept based on the detection of newly formed perforator vessels located 1 cm from the wound margin and stimulated by the chronic inflammation process. Between January 2009 and January 2017, 33 wound edge-based propeller perforator flaps were used to cover pressure sores at various locations in 28 patients. In four cases more than one flap was used on the same patient. The patients comprised 18 males and 10 females with a mean age of 4125 (range, 16-70) years. All patients underwent follow-up for 0-12 months. The mean follow-up duration was 503 months. Venous congestion was observed in three flaps that were rotated by 180 degrees (91%). However, there was a significant difference between flaps rotated by 90 degrees and 180 degrees according to the complication rate (P = 0034). Out of 33 flaps, 29 flaps healed uneventfully. Patients were able to sit and lie on their flaps three weeks after surgery. In our study, we were able to obtain satisfying final results using these novel flaps

An in-vivo pilot study into the effects of FDG-mNP in cancer in mice

Purpose Previously, fluorodeoxy glucose conjugated magnetite nanoparticles (FDG-mNPs) injected into cancer cells in conjunction with the application of magnetic hyperthermia have shown promise in new FDG-mNPs applications. The aim of this study was to determine potential toxic or unwanted effects involving both tumour cells and normal tissue in other organs when FDG-mNPs are administered intravenously or intratumourally in mice. Materials and methods FDG-mNPs were synthesized. A group of six prostate-tumour bearing mice were injected with 23.42 mg/ml FDG-mNPs (intravenous injection, n = 3; intratumoural injection into the prostate tumour, n = 3). Mice were euthanized and histological sampling of tissue was conducted for the prostate tumour, as well as for lungs, lymph nodes, liver, kidneys, spleen, and brain, at 1 hour (n = 2) and 7 days (n = 4) post-injection. A second group of two normal (non-cancerous) mice received the same injection intravenously into the tail vein and were euthanised at 3 and 6 months post-injection, respectively, to investigate if FDG-mNPs remained in organs at those time points. Results In prostate-tumour bearing mice, FDG-mNPs concentrated in the prostate tumour, while relatively small amounts were found in the organs of other tissues, particularly the spleen and the liver; FDG-mNP concentrations decreased over time in all tissues. In normal mice, no detrimental effects were found in either mouse at 3 or 6 months. Conclusion Intravenous or intratumoural FDG-mNPs can be safely administered for effective cancer cell destruction. Further research on the clinical utility of FDG-mNPs will be conducted by applying hyperthermia in conjunction with FDG-mNPs in mice

Cystein-S-Sulfat'ın sitotoksik ve genototoksik etkilerinin nöronal hücre dizisinde incelenmesi

Sülfit, kükürt içeren amino asit metabolizması sonucu ortaya çıkan toksik bir moleküldür. Sülfit metaboliti olan Cystein-S-Sulfat (SSC), glutamat benzeri eksitotoksik etki göstermektedir. SSC, Sülfit Oksidaz (SOX) Enzim eksikliği olan hastaların idrarında ve plazmasında yoğun miktarda tespit edilmektedir. SSC toksisitesinin, SOX enzim eksikliğindeki ağır nöropatolojinin sebebi olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, SSC molekülünün sitotoksik ve genototoksik etkilerinin HT-22 fare hipokampüs hücre dizini kullanılarak gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. %10 fetal bovin serumu (FBS), %1 L-glutamin, 100IU/ml penisilin/10mg/ml streptomisin ve yüksek glukoz içeren DMEM içerisinde çözdürülerek besi yeri olarak kullanılmıştır. Yöntem olarak; sitotoksite ölçümü için WST-1 testi kullanılmıştır. SSC LD50 dozunu belirlemek için hücrelere çeşitli konsantrasyonlarda SSC (her bir kuyucukta 5-300 μM’larda olacak şekilde) uygulanıp WST-1 çalışılmış ve probit analizi yapılmıştır. SSC (LD50 dozu 125 μM) ile birlikte NMDA reseptör antagonisti olan Memantin (20 μM) molekülü, glutamat metabotropik reseptör antagonisti olan LY341495 (10 μM) molekülü uygulanmıştır. Genototoksite analizi için deney gruplarına bahsedilen tedaviler verildikten sonra Comet Analizi yöntemi çalışılmıştır. Comet analizi için Comet Assay IV programı kullanılmıştır. Apopitotik süreci aydınlatmak için Kaspaz-3 aktivite tayini, ilaç verilen gruplarla ve kontrol grubunda çalışılmıştır. Antioksidan kapasiteyi ölçmek için hücre içi Total Glutatyon Ölçümü gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmamız sonucunda, SSC’nin sitotoksik etkileri olduğu ancak Comet Analizi sonucunda genototoksik etkisinin mevcut dozlarda olmadığı gösterilmiştir. SSC’nin kaspaz-3 aktivitesini artırmadığı gözlenmiştir. SSC’nin hücre içi total glutatyon miktarını artırdığı görülmüş, bu durum oksidan strese karşı gelişen kompanzatuar bir mekanizma olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Sulfite is a toxic molecule resulting from sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism. The sulfide metabolite Cysteine-S-Sulfate (SSC) shows an excitotoxic effect like glutamate. SSC is detected in the urine and plasma of patients with Sulfite Oxidase (SOX) enzyme deficiency. It is thought that SSC toxicity may be the cause of severe neuropathology in SOX enzyme deficiency. In this study, the cytotoxic and genototoxic effects of the SSC molecule were aimed to be demonstrated using the HT-22 mouse hippocampus cell line. 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% L-glutamine, 100IU / ml penicillin / 10mg / ml streptomycin and high glucose DMEM were used as medium. As a method; WST-1 test was used for cytotoxicity measurement. In order to determine the dose of SSC LD50, various concentrations of SSC (with 5-300 300M in each well) were applied to the cells and WST-1 was studied and probit analysis was performed. Memantine (20 μM) molecule which is NMDA receptor antagonist and LY341495 (10 μM) molecule which is glutamate metabotropic receptor antagonist has been applied with SSC (LD50 dose 125 μM). After the mentioned treatments were given to the experimental groups for the genototoxicity analysis, Comet Analysis method was studied. Comet Assay IV program was used for Comet analysis. In order to elucidate the apoptotic process, caspase-3 activity was studied in the drug-treated groups and in the control group. Intracellular Total Glutathione Measurement was performed to measure the antioxidant capacity. In our study, it was shown that SSC had cytotoxic effects but the genototoxic effect was not present in the current doses as a result of Comet Analysis. It was observed that SSC did not increase caspase-3 activity. SSC was found to increase the amount of intracellular total glutathione and was evaluated as a compensatory mechanism against oxidant stress