1,297 research outputs found
Different methods to define utility functions yield different results and engage different neural processes
Although the concept of utility is fundamental to many economic theories, up to now a generally accepted method determining a subject\u27s utility function is not available. We investigated two methods that are used in economic sciences for describing utility functions by using response-locked event-related potentials in order to assess their neural underpinnings. For defining the certainty equivalent (CE), we used a lottery game with probabilities of 0.5, for identifying the subjects\u27 utility functions directly a standard bisection task was applied. Although the lottery tasks\u27 payoffs were only hypothetical, a pronounced negativity was observed resembling the error related negativity (ERN) previously described in action monitoring research, but this occurred only for choices far away from the indifference point between money and lottery. By contrast, the bisection task failed to evoke an ERN irrespective of the responses\u27 correctness. Based on these findings we are reasoning that only decisions made in the lottery task achieved a level of subjective relevance that activates cognitive-emotional monitoring. In terms of economic sciences, our findings support the view that the bisection method is unaffected by any kind of probability valuation or other parameters related to risk and in combination with the lottery task can, therefore, be used to differentiate between payoff and probability valuation
Different Methods to Define Utility Functions Yield Similar Results but Engage Different Neural Processes
Although the concept of utility is fundamental to many economic theories, up to now a generally accepted method determining a subject's utility function is not available. We investigated two methods that are used in economic sciences for describing utility functions by using response-locked event-related potentials in order to assess their neural underpinnings. For determining the certainty equivalent, we used a lottery game with probabilities to win pâ=â0.5, for identifying the subjectsâ utility functions directly a standard bisection task was applied. Although the lottery tasksâ payoffs were only hypothetical, a pronounced negativity was observed resembling the error related negativity (ERN) previously described in action monitoring research, but this occurred only for choices far away from the indifference point between money and lottery. By contrast, the bisection task failed to evoke an remarkable ERN irrespective of the responsesâ correctness. Based on these findings we are reasoning that only decisions made in the lottery task achieved a level of subjective relevance that activates cognitive-emotional monitoring. In terms of economic sciences, our findings support the view that the bisection method is unaffected by any kind of probability valuation or other parameters related to risk and in combination with the lottery task can, therefore, be used to differentiate between payoff and probability valuation
Vasopressin increases human risky cooperative behavior
The history of humankind is an epic of cooperation, which is ubiquitous across societies and increasing in scale. Much human cooperation occurs where it is risky to cooperate for mutual benefit because successful cooperation depends on a sufficient level of cooperation by others. Here we show that arginine vasopressin (AVP), a neuropeptide that mediates complex mammalian social behaviors such as pair bonding, social recognition and aggression causally increases humansâ willingness to engage in risky, mutually beneficial cooperation. In two double-blind experiments, male participants received either AVP or placebo intranasally and made decisions with financial consequences in the âStag huntâ cooperation game. AVP increases humansâ willingness to cooperate. That increase is not due to an increase in the general willingness to bear risks or to altruistically help others. Using functional brain imaging, we show that, when subjects make the risky Stag choice, AVP down-regulates the BOLD signal in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), a risk-integration region, and increases the left dlPFC functional connectivity with the ventral pallidum, an AVP receptor-rich region previously associated with AVP-mediated social reward processing in mammals. These findings show a previously unidentified causal role for AVP in social approach behavior in humans, as established by animal research
Etanercept leads to a rapid recovery of a Dabrafenibâ/Trametinibâassociated toxic epidermal necrolysisâlike severe skin reaction
Targeted therapy with BRAFâ and MEKâInhibitors (BRAFi, MEKi) provides
an excellent therapeutic option for patients with malignant melanomas with
a BRAFâMutation. Mild cutaneous adverse events have been common
under the BRAFâ and MEKâInhibitor therapy, on the contrary, severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs (SCARs) are rarely reported. We present
the case of a 59â yearâold female patient who after the resection of cutaneous inâtransit metastases of a malignant melanoma received one adjuvant cycle of Nivolumab followed by a switch of the therapy to an oral
BRAFi/MEKi therapy. 3â4 Weeks after the therapy switch she developed
high fever, chills, progredient general weakness, headaches, abdominal
complaints, generalised rash as well as thrombocytopaenia, eosinophilia,
elevated liver enzymes, declining kidney, and pulmonary function as well as
a maculopapular exanthema. She was diagnosed with drug reaction with
eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and quickly started recovery
after initiation of a high steroid substitution. Under steroid dose reduction,
the exanthema worsened and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) was histologically diagnosed. After a series of unsuccessful therapeutic approaches
(high dose steroid, human immunoglobulins and ciclosporin) the patient
received a single dose of the TNFâalpha inhibitor etanercept, which led to a
quick recovery. This case demonstrates that DRESS and TEN can present
a spectrum of possibly transitioning SCARs providing a diagnostic and
therapeutic challenge. Nevertheless, in a such complicated therapeutic
setting, etanercept may be lifesaving even after multiple previous unsuccessful therapies. This effective approach provides evidence SCARs due to
BRAF/MEK targeted therapy may be driven by TNFâalpha
Biologic effects of light: An enlighting prospective
During the past several decades our knowledge on the effects of light on human health and its underlying mechanisms has been expanded exponentially. These findings have led to an enormous scientific progress including new concepts for prevention and treatment of many diseases such as autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, skin cancer and other malignancies. To summarize our present knowledge on this topic and to stimulate new research initiatives, an international symposium entitled Biologic Effects of Light, that was organized by J. Reichrath, Th. Vogt and M.F. Holick, and that was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), was held June 11/12, 2015 in Homburg/Saar, Germany. This meeting was specially designed to offer scientists and clinicians a platform to discuss the latest developments in this intriguing research area. Plenary and Keynote lectures as well as Round Table Discussions gave an update on carefully selected hot topics, including Vitamin D, skin cancer prevention, UVA radiation and cellular homeostasis, photocarcinogenesis, and photochemical internalization (PCI). Some of the relevant findings and conclusions of this meeting are published in this issue of Anticancer Research (1-13) and can be summarized as follows
Colossal Positive Magnetoresistance in a Doped Nearly Magnetic Semiconductor
We report on a positive colossal magnetoresistance (MR) induced by
metallization of FeSb, a nearly magnetic or "Kondo" semiconductor with 3d
ions. We discuss contribution of orbital MR and quantum interference to
enhanced magnetic field response of electrical resistivity.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure
Bayesian Methods for Analysis and Adaptive Scheduling of Exoplanet Observations
We describe work in progress by a collaboration of astronomers and
statisticians developing a suite of Bayesian data analysis tools for extrasolar
planet (exoplanet) detection, planetary orbit estimation, and adaptive
scheduling of observations. Our work addresses analysis of stellar reflex
motion data, where a planet is detected by observing the "wobble" of its host
star as it responds to the gravitational tug of the orbiting planet. Newtonian
mechanics specifies an analytical model for the resulting time series, but it
is strongly nonlinear, yielding complex, multimodal likelihood functions; it is
even more complex when multiple planets are present. The parameter spaces range
in size from few-dimensional to dozens of dimensions, depending on the number
of planets in the system, and the type of motion measured (line-of-sight
velocity, or position on the sky). Since orbits are periodic, Bayesian
generalizations of periodogram methods facilitate the analysis. This relies on
the model being linearly separable, enabling partial analytical
marginalization, reducing the dimension of the parameter space. Subsequent
analysis uses adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and adaptive importance
sampling to perform the integrals required for both inference (planet detection
and orbit measurement), and information-maximizing sequential design (for
adaptive scheduling of observations). We present an overview of our current
techniques and highlight directions being explored by ongoing research.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures. An abridged version is accepted for publication
in Statistical Methodology for a special issue on astrostatistics, with
selected (refereed) papers presented at the Astronomical Data Analysis
Conference (ADA VI) held in Monastir, Tunisia, in May 2010. Update corrects
equation (3
B Production Asymmetries in Perturbative QCD
This paper explores a new mechanism for B production in which a b quark
combines with a light parton from the hard-scattering process before
hadronizing into the B hadron. This recombination mechanism can be calculated
within perturbative QCD up to a few nonperturbative constants. Though
suppressed at large transverse momentum by a factor Lambda_QCD m_b/p_t^2
relative to b quark fragmentation production, it can be important at large
rapidities. A signature for this heavy-quark recombination mechanism in
proton-antiproton colliders is the presence of rapidity asymmetries in B cross
sections. Given reasonable assumptions about the size of nonperturbative
parameters entering the calculation, we find that the asymmetries are only
significant for rapidities larger than those currently probed by collider
experiments.Comment: 17 pages, LaTeX, 4 ps figures, tightenlines, sections added, final
version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Tofacitinib Loaded Squalenyl Nanoparticles for Targeted Follicular Delivery in Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Tofacitinib (TFB), a Janus kinase inhibitor, has shown excellent success off-label in treating various dermatological diseases, especially alopecia areata (AA). However, TFBâs safe and targeted delivery into hair follicles (HFs) is highly desirable due to its systemic adverse effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance targeted follicular drug delivery and minimize interfollicular permeation and thereby reduce systemic drug exposure. In this study, we report a facile method to assemble the stable and uniform 240 nm TFB loaded squalenyl derivative (SqD) nanoparticles (TFB SqD NPs) in aqueous solution, which allowed an excellent loading capacity (LC) of 20%. The SqD NPs showed an enhanced TFB delivery into HFs compared to the aqueous formulations of plain drug in an ex vivo pig ear model. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of the TFB SqD NPs was studied in a mouse model of allergic dermatitis by ear swelling reduction and compared to TFB dissolved in a non-aqueous mixture of acetone and DMSO (7:1 v/v). Whereas such formulation would not be acceptable for use in the clinic, the TFB SqD NPs dispersed in water illustrated a better reduction in inflammatory effects than plain TFBâs aqueous formulation, implying both encouraging good in vivo efficacy and safety. These findings support the potential of TFB SqD NPs for developing a long-term topical therapy of AA
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