Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Review

The chapter discusses, from a developing country's perspective, the impact and implications of the Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It does so by putting them into the context of relevant trends of globalization and assessing the political and institutional setting within the WTO framework. The paper thereby provides comprehensive background information on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPs) and the resulting international intellectual property regime, including its characteristics, preconditions, the actors and interests involved, and it provides an institutional analysis.Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPs, WTO, developing countries

Conception and realization of a mobile data acquisition and assistance application for intersession processes of patients in psychotherapeutic treatments at the example of the iOS platform

Conventional effectiveness and impact factor studies in psychotherapy research deal mainly with the therapy session per se. In contrast, a current trend is the increasing focus on patient advancement between therapy sessions, the so-called intersession processes. Traditionally, patient data is collected and evaluated in the form of paper questionnaires. In the context of intersession research, where this is done just prior to the therapy session, this means that their results often can not be properly included immediately afterwards. With the proliferation of mobile devices such as smartphones, tablet computers, and wearables, mobile crowd sensing is a promising approach for capturing and analyzing large amounts of distributed data. This is attributed to the fact that modern mobile devices are equipped with unprecedented sensing, computing, and communication capabilities that allow them to perform complex tasks and provide countless possibilities for user interactions. Contemporaneous, in the course of digitization, both the topic of electronic health and mobile health (mHealth) are gaining increasingly more importance in the healthcare industry. Furthermore, simple and efficient interaction with mobile applications, as well as the exchange of information between the health care provider, here the therapist, and the patients, are essential aspects in applications in the mHealth field. Properly implemented, this can both improve and simplify the patient's treatment process. Within the scope of this thesis, in cooperation with the Institute of Psychology of the University of Klagenfurt, a mHealth application is developed, which allows to scientifically record intersession processes of patients in psychotherapeutic treatments. The patient automatically receives questionnaires via the mobile application, depending on therapy session dates and the results of previous evaluations, as well as manual interventions by the therapist. Thus, it should be significantly easier and more efficient for the therapist to collect and evaluate data on the patient's intersession processes and to prepare in advance for the upcoming therapy session

Canonical suppression in microscopic transport models

We demonstrate the occurrence of canonical suppression associated with the conservation of an U(1)-charge in current transport models. For this study a pion gas is simulated within two different transport approaches by incorporating inelastic and volume-limited collisions pi pi leftrightarrow K bar-K for the production of kaon pairs. Both descriptions can dynamically account for the suppression in the yields of rare strange particles in a limited box, being in full accordance with a canonical statistical description

Dynamic canonical suppression of strangeness in transport models

It is investigated whether canonical suppression associated with the exact conservation of an U(1)-charge can be reproduced correctly by current transport models. Therefore a pion-gas having a volume-limited cross section for kaon production and annihilation is simulated within two different transport prescriptions for realizing the inelastic collisions. It is found that both models can indeed dynamically account for the canonical suppression in the yields of rare strange particles

structural investigations of SiO₂-containing phosphate glasses

The incorporation of SiO₂ into phosphate glasses is interesting in view of the development of phosphatic biomaterials. The present investigation is concerned with the incorporation of SiO₂ into phosphate base glasses possessing different phosphate structures. Due to their structural characteristics, they can be classified into three groups: glasses with long phosphate chains or rings formed by Q² phosphate structural groups, glasses with shorter phosphate chains formed by Q² and Q¹ groups and glasses with phosphate invert glass structure, possessing ortho(Q°)- and pyrophosphate groups (two Q¹ groups) exclusively. The structures of these glasses in dependence on the incorporated silica were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and by ³¹P MAS NMR. The principles of incorporation are discussed

Hyperboloidal data and evolution

We discuss the hyperboloidal evolution problem in general relativity from a numerical perspective, and present some new results. Families of initial data which are the hyperboloidal analogue of Brill waves are constructed numerically, and a systematic search for apparent horizons is performed. Schwarzschild-Kruskal spacetime is discussed as a first application of Friedrich's general conformal field equations in spherical symmetry, and the Maxwell equations are discussed on a nontrivial background as a toy model for continuum instabilities.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures. To appear in the Proceedings of the Spanish Relativity Meeting (ERE 2005), Oviedo, Spain, 6-10 Sept 200

Promoting Integrated Care through a Global Treatment Budget

Introduction: Since 2003, as a means of enabling integrated care the German mental health care system has offered the innovative option of agreeing a Global Treatment Budget (GTB, also known as a regional psychiatric budget or innovative flexible and integrative forms of treatment FIT) with health insurers and regional care providers across sectors. Despite promoting legal frameworks and positive evidence on improving quality of patient care, this model has not spread widely. The aim of this study is to identify inhibiting and facilitating factors for the innovation diffusion. Theory and methods: We conducted expert interviews with 19 actors from nine German regions involved in GTBs, using a self-developed questionnaire based on Rogers' theory on innovation diffusion extended by the innovation system approach. Interviews were analysed applying qualitative content analysis. Code categories were built deductively operationalising Rogers' theory and inductively from the data generated. Results: Observability of the innovation was perceived as good, but trialability, reversibility, compatibility with regular care structures as low, and thus the perceived risks of adoption as high. Complexity up to implementation is high, caused by numerous individuals and stakeholder groups involved. Diffusion took place in environments of strong individuals with venturesomeness, opinion leadership, and informal networking. As favourable framework conditions the monopoly and non-profit position of hospitals in well-defined care regions were identified. Discussion and conclusions: Diffusion of integrated care could be accelerated by dissolving the multi-actor constellation, changing the communication strategy, and adapting the legal framework

Dynamic subcompartmentalization of the mitochondrial inner membrane

The inner membrane of mitochondria is organized in two morphologically distinct domains, the inner boundary membrane (IBM) and the cristae membrane (CM), which are connected by narrow, tubular cristae junctions. The protein composition of these domains, their dynamics, and their biogenesis and maintenance are poorly understood at the molecular level. We have used quantitative immunoelectron microscopy to determine the distribution of a collection of representative proteins in yeast mitochondria belonging to seven major processes: oxidative phosphorylation, protein translocation, metabolite exchange, mitochondrial morphology, protein translation, iron–sulfur biogenesis, and protein degradation. We show that proteins are distributed in an uneven, yet not exclusive, manner between IBM and CM. The individual distributions reflect the physiological functions of proteins. Moreover, proteins can redistribute between the domains upon changes of the physiological state of the cell. Impairing assembly of complex III affects the distribution of partially assembled subunits. We propose a model for the generation of this dynamic subcompartmentalization of the mitochondrial inner membrane

A Novel Multi Slit X-Ray Backscatter Camera Based on Synthetic Aperture Focusing

A special slit collimator was developed earlier for fast acquisition of X-ray back scatter images. The design was based on a twisted slit design (ruled surfaces) in a Tungsten block to acquire backscatter images. The comparison with alternative techniques as the flying spot and the coded aperture pin hole technique could not prove the expected higher contrast sensitivity. In analogy to the coded aperture technique, a novel multi slit camera was designed and tested. Several twisted slits were parallelly arranged in a metal block. The CAD design of different multi-slit cameras was evaluated and optimized by the computer simulation packages aRTist and McRay. The camera projects a set of equal images per slit to the digital detector array, which are overlaying each other. Afterwards, the aperture is corrected based on a deconvolution algorithm to focus the overlaying projections into a single representation of the object. Furthermore, a correction of the geometrical distortions due to the slit geometry is performed. The expected increase of the contrast-to-noise ratio is proportional to the square root of the number of parallel slits in the camera. However, additional noise has to be considered originating from the deconvolution operation. The slit design, functional principle, and the expected limits of this technique will be discussed