The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) - 2018 Summary Report

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a TeV-scale high-luminosity linear $e^+e^-$ collider under development at CERN. Following the CLIC conceptual design published in 2012, this report provides an overview of the CLIC project, its current status, and future developments. It presents the CLIC physics potential and reports on design, technology, and implementation aspects of the accelerator and the detector. CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in stages, at centre-of-mass energies of 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV, respectively. CLIC uses a two-beam acceleration scheme, in which 12 GHz accelerating structures are powered via a high-current drive beam. For the first stage, an alternative with X-band klystron powering is also considered. CLIC accelerator optimisation, technical developments and system tests have resulted in an increased energy efficiency (power around 170 MW) for the 380 GeV stage, together with a reduced cost estimate at the level of 6 billion CHF. The detector concept has been refined using improved software tools. Significant progress has been made on detector technology developments for the tracking and calorimetry systems. A wide range of CLIC physics studies has been conducted, both through full detector simulations and parametric studies, together providing a broad overview of the CLIC physics potential. Each of the three energy stages adds cornerstones of the full CLIC physics programme, such as Higgs width and couplings, top-quark properties, Higgs self-coupling, direct searches, and many precision electroweak measurements. The interpretation of the combined results gives crucial and accurate insight into new physics, largely complementary to LHC and HL-LHC. The construction of the first CLIC energy stage could start by 2026. First beams would be available by 2035, marking the beginning of a broad CLIC physics programme spanning 25-30 years

Simulation of Beam Formation in the CERN Negative Ion Source for the Linac4 Accelerator

International audienceLinac4 is the negative hydrogen ion (H$^{-}$) injector of the CERN accelerator complex. Modelling of the beam formation is essential for optimizing the current and emittance of the H$^{-}$ ion source. We exploited the 3D PIC-Monte Carlo ONIX (Orsay Negative Ion eXtraction) code for studying H$^{-}$ beam formation processes in caesiated negative ion sources. The various geometries of the IS03 prototypes have been implemented into ONIX. The code, designed for neutral injector multi-aperture sources for fusion has been adapted to match the single-aperture extraction region of the Linac4 H$^{-}$ source. A plasma electrode designed to ensure radial metallic boundary conditions was produced and tested. The simulation results of the beam formation region at low plasma density to validate the functionality of the modified ONIX version are presented

High-gradient testing of an SS-band, normal-conducting low phase velocity accelerating structure

International audienceA novel high-gradient accelerating structure with low phase velocity, v/c=0.38, has been designed, manufactured and high-power tested. The structure was designed and built using the methodology and technology developed for CLIC 100  MV/m high-gradient accelerating structures, which have speed of light phase velocity, but adapts them to a structure for nonrelativistic particles. The parameters of the structure were optimized for the compact proton therapy linac project, and specifically to 76 MeV energy protons, but the type of structure opens more generally the possibility of compact low phase velocity linacs. The structure operates in S-band, is backward traveling wave (BTW) with a phase advance of 150 degrees and has an active length of 19 cm. The main objective for designing and testing this structure was to demonstrate that low velocity particles, in particular protons, can be accelerated with high gradients. In addition, the performance of this structure compared to other type of structures provides insights into the factors that limit high gradient operation. The structure was conditioned successfully to high gradient using the same protocol as for CLIC X-band structures. However, after the high power test, data analysis realized that the structure had been installed backwards, that is, the input power had been fed into what is nominally the output end of the structure. This resulted in higher peak fields at the power feed end and a steeply decreasing field profile along the structure, rather than the intended near constant field and gradient profile. A local accelerating gradient of 81  MV/m near the input end was achieved at a pulse length of 1.2  μs and with a breakdown rate (BDR) of 7.2×10-7  1/pulse/m. The reverse configuration was accidental but the operating with this field condition gave very important insights into high-gradient behaviour and a comprehensive analysis has been carried out. A particular attention was paid to the characterization of the distribution of BD positions along the structure and within a cell

Beam Formation Studies on the CERN IS03b H Source

An H- ion source is being operated at the new 160 MeV linear injector (Linac4) of the CERN accelerator complex. The source's plasma is of the Radio Frequency Inductively Coupled Plasma type (RF-ICP), without magnetic cusp and runs with Cs-loss compensation [1]. Vertical downward oriented filter- and electron dump-dipolar magnetic fields expand over the plasma chamber, beam-formation, beam-extraction and electron dump regions and generate horizontal asymmetry and beam angular deflection partially compensated by mechanical alignment of the front-end. The H- beam is generated via volume and caesiated plasma surface modes, the latter inducing a radial asymmetry characterized by an increased current density close to the plasma electrode surface [2]. Asymmetries affecting the meniscus shape, or its current density have to be simulated via 3D Particle In Cell Monte Carlo (PIC-MC) solvers, such as the Orsay Negative Ion eXtraction code (ONIX) [3]. Validation of these simulations require dedicated measurements. This contribution describes experimental methods newly implemented at CERN's ion source test stand and initial results for Optical and Beam Emission Spectroscopy (OES, BES), emittance and beam profile measurements. In a later stage, the gathered data sets can be compared to source plasma parameters and extracted beam parameters from PIC-MC simulations, once coupled to the Ion Beam Simulation (IBSimu) [4] beam transport code. The experimental parameter space includes RF-power, density of neutrals, position of the RF coil and extraction field. Beams of H-, D- and protons were produced; examples of measured data are presented in this contribution.peerReviewe

Correlation of H−^{-} beam properties to Cs-coverage

A caesiated RF driven source delivers H$^{-}$ ions that, after stripping at the end of the 160 MeV H$^{-}$ linear injector, provides protons to CERN's accelerator complex including LHC, where the protons reached a record energy of 6.8 TeV. In Caesiated RF sources, H$^{-}$ ions are produced via dissociative attachment of electrons onto roto-vibrationally excited H$_{2}$-molecules (volume) and re-emission as negative ions of protons or hydrogen atoms colliding on a low work function caesiated molybdenum plasma electrode (surface). During initial caesiation, the production mechanism evolves from the initial Cs-free volume production to a predominant surface production mode; the observed stunning reduction of co-extracted electrons is concomitant to an increase of the H$^{-}$ ion current to RF-power yield. This paper describes the evolution of the beam-profile at today's operational beam intensities of 35 mA for various ratios of volume and surface ion-origin. The presence of surface produced ions occurring on a conical plane is characterized by the electron to ion ratio and by measurement of the Cs-coverage of the molybdenum plasma electrode down to a fraction of a monolayer. Angular distributions are extracted from beam profile and Beam Emission Spectroscopy (BES) measurements. These experimental results provide an initial comparison to beam formation simulation that, at a later stage, could be coupled to beam transport software packages.The paper focuses on the caaesiation transient to present experimental evidence for 3D beam formation studies, it provides insight into the mixing of volume and surface production modes, reduction of co-extracted electrons and Cs-coverage. The paper also establishes magnetic field induced asymmetries in the beam's current density