Russian fiscal policy during the financial crisis

This study examines the expanding role of fiscal policy at a time of financial crisis. It analyses the stimulative fiscal measures of the Russian government in 2008-2010 and compares these with simi-lar actions taken in other countries. The risks and limitations associated with the development and implementation of the measures are analyzed. The macroeconomic effects of the fiscal policy measures are estimated using a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model, the fiscal multip-liers are calculated, and factors influencing multiplier size are examined.fiscal stimulus; fiscal sustainability; SVAR; fiscal multiplier; financial crisis; Russia

FROM THE HISTORY OF LARGE PANEL CONSTRUCTION IN THE FAR EAST (1950 – 1980 s)

The article features the peculiarities of the large panel construction in the Far East during the Soviet era, that helped the region partially solve the housing shortage and provide the majority of the population with comfortable housing

Increasing Fatigue LIfe of 09Mn2Si Steel by means of High-Temperature Multistep Helical Rolling

The effect of high temperature helical rolling (HR) on structure and fatigue life of 09Mn2Si pipe steel has been studied. With the use of transmission electron microscopy there was revealed that rolling gives rise to refinement of ferrite grains and cracking (fracturing) of cementite plates within the pearlite phase. The effect manifests itself to the greatest extent in the surface layer where due to the rolling the level of plastic deformation was the highest. Data of microhardness measurements confirms the gradient pattern of strain hardening over the cross section during the HR occurs while the most intensive microhardness increasing take place at the depth of up to 3 mm. According to the mechanical testing results the helical rolling of 09Mn2Si steel gives rise to increasing the level of deforming stress at the yield plateau as well as the proportionality limit with a general decrease in the relative elongation. At the same time, despite the strain hardening resulting from the helical rolling the mechanisms of plastic deformation which manifest themselves in the form of parabolic hardening with a smooth decrease in the flow stress level after neck formation are preserved in the steel. During the cyclic tension the number of cycles prior to failure increases from 2.5 to 3.8 times that depends on the location of specimens' cutting from the rolled rod. The highest improvement in fatigue fracture resistance is registered for specimens cut out from the core of the rolled rods

Increasing Fatigue LIfe of 09Mn2Si Steel by means of High-Temperature Multistep Helical Rolling

The effect of high temperature helical rolling (HR) on structure and fatigue life of 09Mn2Si pipe steel has been studied. With the use of transmission electron microscopy there was revealed that rolling gives rise to refinement of ferrite grains and cracking (fracturing) of cementite plates within the pearlite phase. The effect manifests itself to the greatest extent in the surface layer where due to the rolling the level of plastic deformation was the highest. Data of microhardness measurements confirms the gradient pattern of strain hardening over the cross section during the HR occurs while the most intensive microhardness increasing take place at the depth of up to 3 mm. According to the mechanical testing results the helical rolling of 09Mn2Si steel gives rise to increasing the level of deforming stress at the yield plateau as well as the proportionality limit with a general decrease in the relative elongation. At the same time, despite the strain hardening resulting from the helical rolling the mechanisms of plastic deformation which manifest themselves in the form of parabolic hardening with a smooth decrease in the flow stress level after neck formation are preserved in the steel. During the cyclic tension the number of cycles prior to failure increases from 2.5 to 3.8 times that depends on the location of specimens' cutting from the rolled rod. The highest improvement in fatigue fracture resistance is registered for specimens cut out from the core of the rolled rods

Multispectral anti-reflection coatings based on YbF3/ZnS materials on ZnGeP2 substrate by the IBS method for Mid-IR laser applications

A multispectral anti-reflective coating of high radiation strength for laser applications in the IR spectrum for nonlinear ZnGeP2 crystals has been developed for the first time. The coating was constructed using YbF3/ZnS. The developed coating was obtained by a novel approach using ion-beam deposition of these materials on a ZnGeP2 substrate. It has a high LIDT of more than 2 J/cm2. Optimal layer deposition regimes were found for high film density and low absorption, and good adhesion of the coating to the substrate was achieved. At the same time, there was no dissociation of the double compound under high-energy ions

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ И ПРИНЯТИЕ РЕШЕНИЙ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ЗАКОНОВ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ СЛУЧАЙНЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ

The article shows that the estimation (forecasting) of the values of random variables, according to the minimum variance estimation error is not always effective, and sometimes not even possible. The authors give examples to prove it. The estimation is described with a functional. The task of the estimation is treated as a search for an optimal solution and is illustrated with formation of the optimal playing strategy.В статье показано, что оценивание (прогнозирование) значений случайных величин по критерию минимума дисперсии ошибки оценивания не всегда эффективно, а иногда просто не допустимо (приводятся примеры). Используется цель оценивания, описываемая функционалом. Задача оценивания трактуется как поиск оптимального решения и иллюстрируется с помощью формирования оптимальной игровой стратегии

ИГРОВАЯ КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ПРИНЯТИЯ РЕШЕНИЙ В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ЗАДАЧАХ СО СЛУЧАЙНЫМИ ИСХОДАМИ

This article considers discrete (game) multiple decision-making process, which consists of a sequence of independent tours. In each round of the tour the results are of chance. The article identifies best game strategy.Рассматривается дискретный (игровой) процесс многократного принятия решений, состоящий из последовательности различных независимых туров. В каждом туре результат тура является случайным. Выявляется оптимальная игровая стратеги

Raman Scattering:From Structural Biology to Medical Applications

This is a review of relevant Raman spectroscopy (RS) techniques and their use in structural biology, biophysics, cells, and tissues imaging towards development of various medical diagnostic tools, drug design, and other medical applications. Classical and contemporary structural studies of different water-soluble and membrane proteins, DNA, RNA, and their interactions and behavior in different systems were analyzed in terms of applicability of RS techniques and their complementarity to other corresponding methods. We show that RS is a powerful method that links the fundamental structural biology and its medical applications in cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, atherosclerotic, and other diseases. In particular, the key roles of RS in modern technologies of structure-based drug design are the detection and imaging of membrane protein microcrystals with the help of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), which would help to further the development of protein structural crystallography and would result in a number of novel high-resolution structures of membrane proteins—drug targets; and, structural studies of photoactive membrane proteins (rhodopsins, photoreceptors, etc.) for the development of new optogenetic tools. Physical background and biomedical applications of spontaneous, stimulated, resonant, and surface- and tip-enhanced RS are also discussed. All of these techniques have been extensively developed during recent several decades. A number of interesting applications of CARS, resonant, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy methods are also discussed

Верификация радиоэкологической модели на инструментальных данных удельной активности 131I в траве в Мазовии и Богемии после аварии на ЧАЭС (по материалам «Пражского» и «Варшавского» сценариев проекта МАГАТЭ EMRAS)

The analysis of instrumental data of “Prague” and “Warsaw” scenarios on the dynamics of 131I specific activities in the grass is carried out. Reconstruction of the 131I the specific activities dynamics in the grass in the Mazovia and Bohemia localities is performed in three models: direct calculation the input data of the “Prague” and “Warsaw” scenarios, homogeneous cloud, heterogeneous rain and heterogeneous cloudhomogeneousrain. The actual 137Cs fallout densities in the grass sampling sites in average more than 2.9 times for Prague and 2 times for Warsaw. Effective rain during the main fallout at the grass sampling sites, reconstructed on the model of a homogeneous cloud is 3–4 times more than at the nearest weather stations during this time. A realistic scenario of the input data leading to the optimal agreement of the calculated and instrumental data is revealed. It is shown that direct calculations and the homogeneous cloud model give almost identical results and lead to a significantly better agreement with the instrumental data than the an inhomogeneous cloud model. The calculated and instrumental data show a significant decrease in the 131I specific activity in the grass after the end of the main fallout due to its flushing from the grass surface by strong prolonged rain 13 and 19 days after the accident in Mazovia and 30 and 35 days in Bohemia. Uncertainties in the results of reconstruction of the dynamics of 131I and 137Cs activities in vegetation are estimated. The meangeometric values and standard mean-geometric deviations of the calculation/ 8instrumental data ratios are: 0.8–1.1 and 1.8–1.9 for grass.Выполнен анализ инструментальных данных «Пражского» и «Варшавского» сценариев о динамике удельных активностей 131I в траве. Проведена реконструкция динамики удельных активностей 131I в траве в населенных пунктах с ее измерениями. Реконструкция выполнена по трем моделям: прямого расчета по входным данным сценариев, однородного и неоднородного радиоактивного облака. Фактические плотности выпадений 137Cs в местах отбора травы в среднем больше плотностей выпадения, реконструированных по модели прямого расчета, в 2,9 раза для Праги и в 2 раза для Варшавы. Эффективные осадки за время основных выпадений в местах отбора проб травы, реконструированные по модели однородного облака, в 3–4 раза больше, чем на ближайших к ним метеостанциях. Выявлен реалистический сценарий входных данных, приводящий к оптимальному согласию расчетных и инструментальных данных. Модели прямого расчета и однородного облака дают практически совпадающие между собой результаты и приводят к лучшему согласию с инструментальными данными, чем модель неоднородного облака; расчетные и инструментальные данные показывают значимое уменьшение удельной активности 131I в траве после окончания основных выпадений за счет ее смыва с поверхности травы сильными продолжительными осадками через 13 и 19 суток после аварии в Мазовии и через 30 и 35 суток в Богемии. Размахи среднегеометрических значений и стандартных среднегеометрических отклонений отношений расчет/инструментальные данные составляют 0,8–1,1 в Мазовии и 1,8–1,9 в Богемии. Регрессионные зависимости диаграмм рассеивания расчетные/инструментальные данные практически параллельны диагонали с угловым коэффициентом, равным 0,94 для однолетней и 0,86 для многолетней травы