Estrés por sobrecarga y afrontamiento en padres de niños con trastorno del espectro autista. Hospital de Rehabilitación del Callao, 2018

La investigación realizada tuvo como objetivo principal Determinar la relación que existe entre el nivel de estrés por sobrecarga y el afrontamiento en padres de niños con trastorno del espectro autista. Hospital de Rehabilitación del Callao, 2018. Fue un estudio correlacional de diseño no experimental de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 60 padres de niños autistas que acuden al Hospital de Rehabilitación del Callao, las técnicas utilizadas fueron la encuesta y los instrumentos aplicados fueron la escala de likert. Se encontró que de 60 padres que representan el 100%, un 52% (31 padres) presenta alto nivel de estrés por sobrecarga y de ellos un 87% (27 padres) presenta un afrontamiento bajo. Mientras que un 40% (24 padres) presentan un nivel medio de estrés por sobrecarga y de ellos un 62.5% (15 padres) presenta un afrontamiento bajo, en contraste con un 8% (5 padres) presentan bajo nivel de estrés por sobrecarga y de ellos 80% (4 padres) presentan un alto afrontamiento

Estrés por sobrecarga y afrontamiento en padres de niños con trastorno del espectro autista. Hospital de Rehabilitación del Callao, 2018

La investigación realizada tuvo como objetivo principal Determinar la relación que existe entre el nivel de estrés por sobrecarga y el afrontamiento en padres de niños con trastorno del espectro autista. Hospital de Rehabilitación del Callao, 2018. Fue un estudio correlacional de diseño no experimental de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 60 padres de niños autistas que acuden al Hospital de Rehabilitación del Callao, las técnicas utilizadas fueron la encuesta y los instrumentos aplicados fueron la escala de likert. Se encontró que de 60 padres que representan el 100%, un 52% (31 padres) presenta alto nivel de estrés por sobrecarga y de ellos un 87% (27 padres) presenta un afrontamiento bajo. Mientras que un 40% (24 padres) presentan un nivel medio de estrés por sobrecarga y de ellos un 62.5% (15 padres) presenta un afrontamiento bajo, en contraste con un 8% (5 padres) presentan bajo nivel de estrés por sobrecarga y de ellos 80% (4 padres) presentan un alto afrontamiento

Bortezomib initiates endoplasmic reticulum stress, elicits autophagy and death in <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i> larval stage

<div><p>Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide distributed helminthic zoonosis caused by <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i>. Benzimidazole derivatives are currently the only drugs for chemotherapeutic treatment of CE. However, their low efficacy and the adverse effects encourage the search for new therapeutic targets. We evaluated the <i>in vitro</i> efficacy of Bortezomib (Bz), a proteasome inhibitor, in the larval stage of the parasite. After 96 h, Bz showed potent deleterious effects at a concentration of 5 μM and 0.5 μM in protoscoleces and metacestodes, respectively (P < 0.05). After 48 h of exposure to this drug, it was triggered a mRNA overexpression of chaperones (Eg-<i>grp</i>78 and Eg-calnexin) and of Eg-<i>ire</i>2/Eg-<i>xbp</i>1 (the conserved UPR pathway branch) in protoscoleces. No changes were detected in the transcriptional expression of chaperones in Bz-treated metacestodes, thus allowing ER stress to be evident and viability to highly decrease in comparison with protoscoleces. We also found that Bz treatment activated the autophagic process in both larval forms. These facts were evidenced by the increase in the amount of transcripts of the autophagy related genes (Eg-<i>atg</i>6, Eg-<i>atg</i>8, Eg-<i>atg</i>12, Eg-<i>atg</i>16) together with the increase in Eg-Atg8-II detected by western blot and by <i>in toto</i> immunofluorescence labeling. It was further confirmed by direct observation of autophagic structures by electronic microscopy. Finally, in order to determine the impact of autophagy induction on <i>Echinococcus</i> cell viability, we evaluated the efficacy of Bz in combination with rapamycin and a synergistic cytotoxic effect on protoscolex viability was observed when both drugs were used together. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that Bz induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy and subsequent death allowing to identify unstudied parasite-host pathways that could provide a new insight for control of parasitic diseases.</p></div

Expression of endoplasmic reticulum chaperones, UPR transducers and autophagic related genes in <i>E</i>. <i>granulosus</i> larval stages.

<p>(A) Reverse transcription (RT)–PCR analysis of Eg-<i>cnx</i>, Eg-<i>grp</i>78, Eg-<i>ire</i>2 and Eg-<i>xbp</i>1 from total RNA of protoscoleces (PTS) incubated for 48 h under control conditions (Co) or treated with 5 μM Bz or 10 μM Rm. Amplification of Eg-actin I (<i>act</i>I) was used as a loading control. Molecular sizes of amplicons are indicated with arrowheads. (B) Quantitative PCR was carried out under the same conditions as indicated in A. Values are means ± S.D. of three independent experiments. Asterisks indicate significant differences. (C) RT–PCR analysis of, Eg-<i>cnx</i> and Eg-<i>grp</i>78 from total RNA of metacestodes (MTC) incubated for 48 h under control conditions (Co) or treated with 5 μM Bz or 10 μM Rm. (D) RT–PCR analysis and (E) quantitative PCR of Eg-<i>atg</i> genes from total RNA of protoscoleces (PTS) carried out under the same conditions as indicated in A (F). RT–PCR analysis of Eg-<i>atg</i> genes from total RNA of metacestodes (MTC) carried out under the same conditions as indicated in C.</p

Effect of bortezomib (Bz) on viability of <i>E</i>. <i>granulosus</i> larval stages.

<p>Viability of protoscoleces (A) and metacestodes (B) incubated with different concentrations of Bz for 4 days. Data are the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. *Statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) compared with control. (A) The IC₅₀ is shown in the inset. (B inset) Macroscopical damage of treated metacestodes with 0.1 μM of Bz during 6 days showing increased permeability (culture medium inside cysts) and collapsed germinal layer (arrows), (Co) control metacestodes without morphological changes.</p

Effect of combinatorial treatment of bortezomib (Bz) and rapamycin (Rm) on <i>Echinococcus</i> cell viability.

<p>(A) Effect of Rm and Bz on <i>E</i>. <i>granulosus</i> protoscolex viability at 10 μM for individual drugs and 5 μM or 10 μM of each drug for a combined protocol over 7 days (the drugs were replenished after 3 days). Protoscoleces incubated in culture medium containing 1:1.000 DMSO were used as controls. Each point represents the mean percentage of vital protoscoleces from three different experiments. Asterisks indicate a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) from the corresponding control. (B) Ultrastructural changes of protoscoleces detected by SEM after pharmacological treatment for 48 h. Control (a-b), 5 μM Bz (c-d), 5 μM Bz + 5 μM Rm (e-f). Treated protoscoleces presented contraction of soma region, alteration of tegument, and scolex region showing loss of hooks and shedding of microtriches. Bars indicate 10μm in (f) and 20 μm in (a-e). (C) Ultrastructural damage of metacestodes detected by SEM after pharmacological treatment for 48 h. Control (a-b), 0.5 μM Bz (c-d), 0.5 μM Bz + 5 μM Rm (e-f). Ultrastructural alterations appeared earlier than germinal layer detachment in metacestodes treated with 5 μM Bz. Bars indicate: 10μm in (a-c, e), 20 μm in (d) and 50 μm in (f).</p