Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Intercambio neto del ecosistema en tres ecosistemas de la zona del monzón de Norteamérica

El monzón de Norteamérica se caracteriza por un cambio drástico en las condiciones meteorológicas y los flujos de materia y energía entre la superficie y la atmosfera debido a un incremento sustancial de precipitación en el noroeste de México y el suroeste de los Estados Unidos. Para cuantificar los flujos de carbono, o Intercambio Neto del Ecosistema (NEE), durante la evolución del monzón, se estableció una red densa de sensores en la zona central de Sonora, México de Mayo a Octubre de 2017 como parte del experimento Red GPS-Hidrometeorológico del Monzón 2017. El área de estudio fue delimitada por tres torres micrometeorológicas equipadas con sistema de covarianza de vórtices (Eddy Covariance), sistemas GPS-meteorológico y otras mediciones relevantes de temperatura, humedad relativa y precipitación. Las torres se localizaron en un matorral subtropical (~650 msnm), un bosque de mezquites (~700 msnm) y un bosque de encino (~1400 msnm) en una forma triangular con distancias de aproximadamente 30 km entre cada torre. Los datos recabados fueron procesados de acuerdo con los estándares de la comunidad internacional de flujos. Se presentan resultados preliminares de la transición en los flujos de carbono al comienzo del monzón, la evolución en periodos secos y los cambios al finalizar la temporada de lluvias. El entendimiento de los flujos carbono es fundamental para determinar la respuesta de los ecosistemas a la variabilidad del monzón de Norteamerica, así como los cambios en las condiciones de la superficie

Meteorological and Ecosystem Flux Data for: Climate Change Impacts on Net Ecosystem Productivity in a Subtropical Scrubland of Northwestern México

This dataset accompains the paper: Climate Change Impacts on Net Ecosystem Productivity in a Subtropical Scrubland of Northwestern México which is submitted for publication at the Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences With this data set, we calibrate and validate an ecohydrological and a soil carbon model to assess climate change impacts in a subtropical scrubland located in northwest México. Model calibration and validation is performed using five continuous years of water, energy and carbon flux measurements from an eddy covariance tower and remotely-sensed vegetation indices

Base de datos de flujos verticales de dioxido de carbono en ecosistemas terrestres y costeros en México

El dióxido de carbono (CO2) es uno de los principales gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) cuyo incremento en la atmósfera está asociado con el calentamiento global. Con el objetivo de promover estudios de síntesis que lleven a un mejor entendimiento de los procesos relacionados con el ciclo del carbono en ecosistemas terrestres y costeros de México, se construyeron bases de datos de flujos verticales de carbono. Se construyó una base de datos con flujos de CO2 a escala anual, para ocho sitios y 30 años por sitio, de la red MexFlux, cuya información se obtuvo de publicaciones en revistas científicas, memorias de resúmenes en extenso y documentos de tesis. Una segunda base se construyó a partir de datos a escala diaria, de los flujos de CO2 de 14 sitios de monitoreo y 53 años/ sitio, que fueron proporcionados directamente por los investigadores principales (PI) de cada sitio y denominada MexFlux_2019 V1. Esta última base de datos, a diferencia de la primera que es de libre acceso, está restringida. Las bases de datos incluyen información del intercambio neto de carbono a nivel ecosistema, la productividad primaria bruta, respiración del ecosistema y de variables meteorológicas y ambientales complementarias

Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

IMPORTANCE: SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with persistent, relapsing, or new symptoms or other health effects occurring after acute infection, termed postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), also known as long COVID. Characterizing PASC requires analysis of prospectively and uniformly collected data from diverse uninfected and infected individuals. OBJECTIVE: To develop a definition of PASC using self-reported symptoms and describe PASC frequencies across cohorts, vaccination status, and number of infections. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective observational cohort study of adults with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection at 85 enrolling sites (hospitals, health centers, community organizations) located in 33 states plus Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants who were enrolled in the RECOVER adult cohort before April 10, 2023, completed a symptom survey 6 months or more after acute symptom onset or test date. Selection included population-based, volunteer, and convenience sampling. EXPOSURE: SARS-CoV-2 infection. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: PASC and 44 participant-reported symptoms (with severity thresholds). RESULTS: A total of 9764 participants (89% SARS-CoV-2 infected; 71% female; 16% Hispanic/Latino; 15% non-Hispanic Black; median age, 47 years [IQR, 35-60]) met selection criteria. Adjusted odds ratios were 1.5 or greater (infected vs uninfected participants) for 37 symptoms. Symptoms contributing to PASC score included postexertional malaise, fatigue, brain fog, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, palpitations, changes in sexual desire or capacity, loss of or change in smell or taste, thirst, chronic cough, chest pain, and abnormal movements. Among 2231 participants first infected on or after December 1, 2021, and enrolled within 30 days of infection, 224 (10% [95% CI, 8.8%-11%]) were PASC positive at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A definition of PASC was developed based on symptoms in a prospective cohort study. As a first step to providing a framework for other investigations, iterative refinement that further incorporates other clinical features is needed to support actionable definitions of PASC