Tenzan jutsu: Revolution in Traditional Japanese Mathematics

V předkládané práci se zabývám historickým vývojem tradiční japonské matem- atiky wasan. Především se zaměřuji na vznik početní metody tenzan džucu, která se svou základní logikou a využitím symbolického zápisu výrazně podobá západní algebře. Jelikož v dosavadní literatuře chybí uspokojivé zhodnocení míry této podobnosti, rozhodl jsem se tenzan džucu detailněji prozkoumat, a to za použití teorie potencialit matematického jazyka Ladislava Kvasze. Na základě srovnání mého rozboru s analýzou západní algebry L. Kvasze jsem došel k závěru, že ačkoli byl ve většině aspektů jazyk tenzan džucu srovnatelný s jazykem západní algebry, výrazně se lišil způsob, kterým se tyto jazyky utvářely. Zatímco na západě byl vývoj dlouhou dobu brzděn nutností interpretovat moc- niny proměnných jako geometrické objekty a potřebou vyjadřovat členy rovnice pouze v kladném tvaru, v případě japonské matematiky, která tato omezení neznala, byl vývoj daleko dynamičtější. Klíčová slova tenzan džucu, wasan, Tokugawa, Edo, Seki Takakazu, Seki Kówa, algebra, matematika, tengen džucu, Ladislav Kvasz, jazyk matematikyProposed paper is a study of historical development of wasan, i.e., traditional Japanese mathematics. I chiefly focus on the origin of tenzan jutsu, a calcula- tion method, that by its inner logic and by usage of a symbolic notation greatly resembles Western algebra. As there is no satisfying evaluation of a level of similarity of those two traditions in an existing literature, I decided to closely examine tenzan jutsu using a theory of potentialities of language of mathemat- ics proposed by Ladislav Kvasz. Comparing my examination and analysis of Western algebra done by L. Kvasz, I came to a conclusion, that although the language of tenzan jutsu is in most aspects almost identical to the language of Western algebra, there is a major difference in a way those languages developed. While the development of the Western algebra was hindered by a cultural need to interpret exponents in a geometrical context and by a strong reluctance to accept negative terms as a part of equation, the development of Japanese math- ematics, which was free of such restrictions, was considerably more dynamic. Keywords tenzan jutsu, wasan, Tokugawa, Edo, Seki Takakazu, Seki Kowa, algebra, math- ematics, tengen jutsu, Ladislav Kvasz, language of mathematicsÚstav asijských studiíInstitute of Asian StudiesFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art

Politické konexe, veřejné zakázky a výdaje malého rozsahu

V této práci představuji nový přístup k odhadování finančních toků mezi státními organ- izacemi a jejich dodavateli zboží a služeb. Tento přístup je založen na účetních datech sbíraných Ministerstvem financí ČR, která na rozdíl od jiných datových zdrojů poskytuje možnost studovat všechny existující transakce, včetně výdajů malého rozsahu. Tímto způsobem zkoumám, jaké měly volby v roce 2018 efekt na strukturu dodavatelů obcí. Jako poněkud zajímavé se zdá, že se v horizontu jednoho roku nenašel žádný značný rozdíl mezi obcemi s různými volebními výsledky. To může bud'to naznačovat, že zde není žádné klientelistické chování, nebo že nabývá jiných podob, než je výběr dodavatelů. Taktéž při této analýze kvantifikuji vztah mezi vítěznou stranou a politickou příslušností starosty dané obce a to, jak se tento vztah mění v obcích, kde má jedna politická strana značnou převahu. Klíčová slova politické konexe, veřejné zakázky, korupce, politika, města, místní samospráva, volby Klasifikace D72, H72, K40In this thesis, I introduce a new approach of estimating financial flows from government organisations towards its suppliers of goods and services. It is based on accounting data collected by a Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic and unlike other available data sources offers an opportunity to study all transactions, including small-scale expenditures. Using this approach, I study the effect of an outcome of 2018 elections on the structure of municipality's suppliers. Interestingly, I find that one year after the elections there is no significant difference between municipalities with different election results. This suggests that there is either no rent-seeking activity at all, or that it takes a different form than a selection of suppliers. Also, while conducting this analysis, I quantify a link between a winning party and an affiliation of a mayor and show how it increases in municipalities where there is a dominance of one political party. Keywords political connections, public procurement, corruption, politics, government expenditures, municipality, local government, election JEL Classification D72, H72, K40Institut ekonomických studiíInstitute of Economic StudiesFaculty of Social SciencesFakulta sociálních vě

Tenzan jutsu: Revolution in Traditional Japanese Mathematics

Proposed paper is a study of historical development of wasan, i.e., traditional Japanese mathematics. I chiefly focus on the origin of tenzan jutsu, a calcula- tion method, that by its inner logic and by usage of a symbolic notation greatly resembles Western algebra. As there is no satisfying evaluation of a level of similarity of those two traditions in an existing literature, I decided to closely examine tenzan jutsu using a theory of potentialities of language of mathemat- ics proposed by Ladislav Kvasz. Comparing my examination and analysis of Western algebra done by L. Kvasz, I came to a conclusion, that although the language of tenzan jutsu is in most aspects almost identical to the language of Western algebra, there is a major difference in a way those languages developed. While the development of the Western algebra was hindered by a cultural need to interpret exponents in a geometrical context and by a strong reluctance to accept negative terms as a part of equation, the development of Japanese math- ematics, which was free of such restrictions, was considerably more dynamic. Keywords tenzan jutsu, wasan, Tokugawa, Edo, Seki Takakazu, Seki Kowa, algebra, math- ematics, tengen jutsu, Ladislav Kvasz, language of mathematic

Political connections, public procurement and small-scale expenditures

In this thesis, I introduce a new approach of estimating financial flows from government organisations towards its suppliers of goods and services. It is based on accounting data collected by a Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic and unlike other available data sources offers an opportunity to study all transactions, including small-scale expenditures. Using this approach, I study the effect of an outcome of 2018 elections on the structure of municipality's suppliers. Interestingly, I find that one year after the elections there is no significant difference between municipalities with different election results. This suggests that there is either no rent-seeking activity at all, or that it takes a different form than a selection of suppliers. Also, while conducting this analysis, I quantify a link between a winning party and an affiliation of a mayor and show how it increases in municipalities where there is a dominance of one political party. Keywords political connections, public procurement, corruption, politics, government expenditures, municipality, local government, election JEL Classification D72, H72, K4

Seasonal Subsurface Water Contributions to Baseflow in the Mountainous Uhlířská Catchment (Czech Republic)

Nine years of seasonal δ18O values in precipitation, soilwater and groundwater were evaluated in the Uhlířská catchment between 2008 and 2016 and recharge winter/summer ratios were calculated using δ18O values. The longterm average 18O content in groundwater is lower than the mean weighted 18O content in precipitation. This is explained by more than 50% of winter- and snowmelt- induced groundwater recharge that occurs in all years except of 2010 and 2013. The recharge of the peat organic soil water is balanced between summer and winter, whereas the mineral hillslope soil is dominantly recharged by summer precipitation. The 67% portion of baseflow, dominantly generated in the winter season, is composed of groundwater and peat organic soil water, according to the hydrochemical distribution of runoff components. Isotopic mass balance of individual winters shows that precipitation in warmer winters is entirely transformed into outflow until the end of the winter season, generating no significant water storage for potential drought period

Pre-event water contributions and streamwater residence times in different land use settings of the transboundary mesoscale Lužická Nisa catchment

The objective of the study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of peakflow pre-event water contributions and streamwater residence times with emphasis on land use patterns in 38 subcatchments within the 687 km2 large mesoscale transboundary catchment Lužická Nisa. Mean residence times between 8 and 27 months and portions of pre-event water between 10 and 97% on a storm event peakflow were determined, using 18O data in precipitation and streamwater from a weekly monitoring of nearly two years. Only a small tracer variation buffering effect of the lowland tributaries on the main stem was observed, indicating the dominant impact on the mountainous headwaters on the runoff generation. Longest mean streamwater residence times of 27 months were identified in the nearly natural headwaters of the Jizera Mountains, revealing no ambiguous correlation between the catchment area and altitude and the mean residence time of streamwater. Land use control on the pre-event water portions were determined for three land use categories with percentage of urban areas from 0 to 10%, 10 to 20% and more than 20%. The fraction of pre-event water in the first category decreases from 97% to 65% with the increasing percentage of forest from 76% to 100%, revealing that forests may provide only a limited infiltration of precipitation due to leaf interception and soil water use for transpiration. Fractions of pre-event water of 39–87% in the second (agricultural catchments) and of 10–35% in the third (urbanized catchments) category increase with percentage of non-urban areas