Le vol nécessaire au XIXème siècle. Entre réalité sociale et lacune juridique, une histoire en construction.

Celui qui commet un vol par nécessité en France au XIXème siècle n’est, pour la justice, absolument pas différent des autres voleurs. A cette époque, l’état de nécessité n’est nullement pris en compte par la codification pénale bien que la notion soit l’objet de débats parmi les juristes depuis l’antiquité. Dans un contexte politique et social où la protection des propriétés et la volonté d’extinction de la pauvreté sont des préoccupations majeures, le vol nécessaire apparaît comme un paradoxe insoluble, pour l’ensemble de la société, car il oppose deux notions fondamentales : celle de l’acte nécessaire, impliquant l’idée de survie, et celle de défense des propriétés. Les auteurs de vols nécessaires sont donc à la fois rejetés par la société civile et par la justice qui ne les reconnaît guère. Il n’en reste pas moins que ces voleurs par nécessité incarnent un des aspects majeurs de la “question sociale”.A person committing a theft through necessity in France during the XIXth century was considered as being no different whatsoever from any other thief in the eyes of the legal system. At this time, the question of necessity was in no way taken into account by the law although it had been recognised by jurists from time immemorial. Within a political and social context in which the protection of property and the removal of poverty were major preoccupations, theft through necessity seemed to be an insoluble paradox for the whole of society, as it set two fundamental notions against one another, the notion of the necessary act (implying the idea of survival) and the notion of the defence of property. Perpetrators of thefts through necessity were therefore rejected both by civil society and by the legal system, which hardly recognised them. It was nevertheless the case that those who stole through necessity were an expression of a social and legal reality of the XIXth century

Une perspective multimodale sur les pratiques d’hétéro-sélection du locuteur en classe

L’article se propose d'observer les pratiques de sélection du prochain locuteur en classe de langue en adoptant une perspective microanalytique inspirée de l’analyse conversationnelle. Il se donne pour objectif de montrer que des analyses non seulement séquentielles mais également multimodales, c'est-à-dire centrées sur l'enchaînement des tours de parole ainsi que sur la coordination des regards, des gestes et des positionnements corporels, sont cruciales pour mieux comprendre les pratiques communicatives en classe de langue.Se basant sur un corpus d’interactions en classe de français langue étrangère, nos analyses présentent deux phénomènes liés à la sélection du prochain locuteur par l'enseignant : (1) les « mises en scène » par les élèves d’une (in-)disponibilité à prendre la parole avant que l'enseignant ne procède à la sélection et (2) les négociations liées à la sélection du prochain locuteur se produisant après que la sélection ait eu lieu. Les résultats invitent à envisager la sélection du prochain locuteur comme le produit des ajustements mutuels des participants

Phase Referencing in Optical Interferometry

One of the aims of next generation optical interferometric instrumentation is to be able to make use of information contained in the visibility phase to construct high dynamic range images. Radio and optical interferometry are at the two extremes of phase corruption by the atmosphere. While in radio it is possible to obtain calibrated phases for the science objects, in the optical this is currently not possible. Instead, optical interferometry has relied on closure phase techniques to produce images. Such techniques allow only to achieve modest dynamic ranges. However, with high contrast objects, for faint targets or when structure detail is needed, phase referencing techniques as used in radio interferometry, should theoretically achieve higher dynamic ranges for the same number of telescopes. Our approach is not to provide evidence either for or against the hypothesis that phase referenced imaging gives better dynamic range than closure phase imaging. Instead we wish to explore the potential of this technique for future optical interferometry and also because image reconstruction in the optical using phase referencing techniques has only been performed with limited success. We have generated simulated, noisy, complex visibility data, analogous to the signal produced in radio interferometers, using the VLTI as a template. We proceeded with image reconstruction using the radio image reconstruction algorithms contained in AIPS IMAGR (CLEAN algorithm). Our results show that image reconstruction is successful in most of our science cases, yielding images with a 4 milliarcsecond resolution in K band. (abridged)Comment: 11 pages, 36 figure

One prep to catch them all: “2 in 1”, an efficient method for the simultaneous extraction of DNA and RNA from Grapevine tissues

Recent advances in our understanding of plant physiology and adaptation to the environment are tightly related to the development of ‘omics’ technologies such as metabolomics, transcriptomics, genomics and epigenomics that allow a more comprehensive view of the plant functioning. In this context, the ability to extract DNA and RNA from small amounts of plant material can be a limiting factor, worse in the case of non-model plants for which efficient nucleic extraction procedures are lacking. In the case of grapevine, extraction of high-quality DNA is typically limited by the high polyphenolic and polysaccharide contents of the different tissues. Here, we propose an adaptation of the method of Reid et al. (2006) that allows the simultaneous and efficient extraction of DNA and RNA from grapevine vegetative and berry tissues from in vitro grown grapevine plants and cells and from other plants. The protocol allows the extraction of high-quality RNA and DNA for standard molecular biology methods as well as for Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). It also works with a limited amount of plant material, such as young developing buds, and provides the means to analyse “omics” data from a single plant sample

HOX11L2/TLX3 is transcriptionally activated through T-cell regulatory elements downstream of BCL11B as a result of the t(5;14)(q35;q32).

International audienceThe t(5;14)(q35;q32) chromosomal translocation is specifically observed in up to 20% of childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). It affects the BCL11B/CTIP2 locus on chromosome 14 and the RANBP17-TLX3/HOX11L2 region on chromosome 5. It leads to ectopic activation of TLX3/HOX11L2. To investigate the reasons of the association between t(5;14) and T-ALL, we isolated the translocation breakpoints in 8 t(5;14) patients. Sequence analyses did not involve recombinase activity in the genesis of the translocation. We used DNAse1 hypersensitive experiments to locate transcriptional regulatory elements downstream of BCL11B. By transient transfection experiments, 2 of the 6 regions demonstrated cis-activation properties in T cells and were also effective on the TLX3 promoter. Our data indicate that the basis of the specific association between t(5;14) and T-ALL lies on the juxtaposition of TLX3 to long-range cis-activating regions active during T-cell differentiation

Phase Closure Image Reconstruction for Future VLTI Instrumentation

Classically, optical and near-infrared interferometry have relied on closure phase techniques to produce images. Such techniques allow us to achieve modest dynamic ranges. In order to test the feasibility of next generation optical interferometers in the context of the VLTI-spectro-imager (VSI), we have embarked on a study of image reconstruction and analysis. Our main aim was to test the influence of the number of telescopes, observing nights and distribution of the visibility points on the quality of the reconstructed images. Our results show that observations using six Auxiliary Telescopes (ATs) during one complete night yield the best results in general and is critical in most science cases; the number of telescopes is the determining factor in the image reconstruction outcome. In terms of imaging capabilities, an optical, six telescope VLTI-type configuration and ~200 meter baseline will achieve 4 mas spatial resolution, which is comparable to ALMA and almost 50 times better than JWST will achieve at 2.2 microns. Our results show that such an instrument will be capable of imaging, with unprecedented detail, a plethora of sources, ranging from complex stellar surfaces to microlensing events.Comment: 11 pages, 26 figure

Phase II study of preoperative radiation plus concurrent daily tegafur-uracil (UFT) with leucovorin for locally advanced rectal cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Considerable variation in intravenous 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism can occur due to the wide range of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) enzyme activity, which can affect both tolerability and efficacy. The oral fluoropyrimidine tegafur-uracil (UFT) is an effective, well-tolerated and convenient alternative to intravenous 5-FU. We undertook this study in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of UFT with leucovorin (LV) and preoperative radiotherapy and to evaluate the utility and limitations of multicenter staging using pre- and post-chemoradiotherapy ultrasound. We also performed a validated pretherapy assessment of DPD activity and assessed its potential influence on the tolerability of UFT treatment.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This phase II study assessed preoperative UFT with LV and radiotherapy in 85 patients with locally advanced T3 rectal cancer. Patients with potentially resectable tumors received UFT (300 mg/m/²/day), LV (75 mg/day), and pelvic radiotherapy (1.8 Gy/day, 45 Gy total) 5 days/week for 5 weeks then surgery 4-6 weeks later. The primary endpoints included tumor downstaging and the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Most adverse events were mild to moderate in nature. Preoperative grade 3/4 adverse events included diarrhea (n = 18, 21%) and nausea/vomiting (n = 5, 6%). Two patients heterozygous for dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (<it>DPYD</it>) experienced early grade 4 neutropenia (variant IVS14+1G > A) and diarrhea (variant 2846A > T). Pretreatment ultrasound TNM staging was compared with postchemoradiotherapy pathology TN staging and a significant shift towards earlier TNM stages was observed (p < 0.001). The overall downstaging rate was 42% for primary tumors and 44% for lymph nodes. The pCR rate was 8%. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for staging was poor. Anal sphincter function was preserved in 55 patients (65%). Overall and recurrence-free survival at 3 years was 86.1% and 66.7%, respectively. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 36 node-positive patients (mean duration 118 days).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Preoperative chemoradiotherapy using UFT with LV plus radiotherapy was well tolerated and effective and represents a convenient alternative to 5-FU-based chemoradiotherapy for the treatment of resectable rectal cancer. Pretreatment detection of DPD deficiency should be performed to avoid severe adverse events.</p