3 research outputs found
Can the discharge of a hyperconcentrated flow be estimated from paleoflood evidence?
Many flood events involving water and sediments have been characterized using classic hydraulics principles, assuming the existence of critical flow and many other simplifications. In this paper, hyperconcentrated flow discharge was evaluated by using paleoflood reconstructions (based on paleostage indicators [PSI]) combined with a detailed hydraulic analysis of the critical flow assumption. The exact location where this condition occurred was established by iteratively determining the corresponding cross section, so that specific energy is at a minimum. In addition, all of the factors and parameters involved in the process were assessed, especially those related to the momentum equation, existing shear stresses in the wetted perimeter, and nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic pressure distributions. The superelevation of the hyperconcentrated flow, due to the flow elevation curvature, was also estimated and calibrated with the PSI. The estimated peak discharge was established once the iterative process was unable to improve the fit between the simulated depth and the depth observed from the PSI. The methodological approach proposed here can be applied to other higher-gradient mountainous torrents with a similar geomorphic configuration to the one studied in this paper. Likewise, results have been derived with fewer uncertainties than those obtained from standard hydraulic approaches, whose simplifying assumptions have not been considered. © 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation within the framework of the CICYT Dendro-Avenidas project (CGL2007-62063) and the MAS Dendro-Avenidas project (CGL2010-19274). We are especially grateful to Robert D. Jarrett, Vern Manville, and one anonymous reviewer for their comments and helpful suggestions on previous versions of this manuscript.Bodoque, J.; Eguibar GalĂĄn, MĂ.; Diez-Herrero, A.; Gutierrez-Perez, I.; Ruiz-Villanueva, V. (2011). Can the discharge of a hyperconcentrated flow be estimated from paleoflood evidence?. Water Resources Research. 47(W12535). doi:10.1029/2011WR010380S47W12535Alcoverro, J., Corominas, J., & GĂłmez, M. (1999). The Barranco de ArĂĄs flood of 7 August 1996 (Biescas, Central Pyrenees, Spain). Engineering Geology, 51(4), 237-255. doi:10.1016/s0013-7952(98)00076-3Alexandrov, Y., Laronne, J. B., & Reid, I. (2007). Intra-event and inter-seasonal behaviour of suspended sediment in flash floods of the semi-arid northern Negev, Israel. Geomorphology, 85(1-2), 85-97. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.013BAAS, J. H., & BEST, J. L. (2008). The dynamics of turbulent, transitional and laminar clay-laden flow over a fixed current ripple. Sedimentology, 55(3), 635-666. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.2007.00916.xBallesteros, J. A., Bodoque, J. M., DĂez-Herrero, A., Sanchez-Silva, M., & Stoffel, M. (2011). Calibration of floodplain roughness and estimation of flood discharge based on tree-ring evidence and hydraulic modelling. Journal of Hydrology, 403(1-2), 103-115. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.03.045Bathurst, J. C. (1985). Flow Resistance Estimation in Mountain Rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 111(4), 625-643. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1985)111:4(625)BERZI, D., & JENKINS, J. T. (2008). A theoretical analysis of free-surface flows of saturated granularâliquid mixtures. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 608, 393-410. doi:10.1017/s0022112008002401Biron, P. M., Lane, S. N., Roy, A. G., Bradbrook, K. F., & Richards, K. S. (1998). Sensitivity of bed shear stress estimated from vertical velocity profiles: the problem of sampling resolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23(2), 133-139. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199802)23:23.0.co;2-nBisantino, T., Fischer, P., & Gentile, F. (2009). Rheological characteristics of debris-flow material in South-Gargano watersheds. Natural Hazards, 54(2), 209-223. doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9462-4Bousmar, D., & Zech, Y. (1999). Momentum Transfer for Practical Flow Computation in Compound Channels. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125(7), 696-706. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1999)125:7(696)Costa, J. E. (1984). Physical Geomorphology of Debris Flows. Developments and Applications of Geomorphology, 268-317. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69759-3_9COUSSOT, P., & MEUNIER, M. (1996). Recognition, classification and mechanical description of debris flows. Earth-Science Reviews, 40(3-4), 209-227. doi:10.1016/0012-8252(95)00065-8Coussot, P., Laigle, D., Arattano, M., Deganutti, A., & Marchi, L. (1998). Direct Determination of Rheological Characteristics of Debris Flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 124(8), 865-868. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1998)124:8(865)Desilets, S. L. E., FerrĂ©, T. P. A., & Ekwurzel, B. (2008). Flash flood dynamics and composition in a semiarid mountain watershed. Water Resources Research, 44(12). doi:10.1029/2007wr006159Dietrich, W. E., & Whiting, P. (1989). Boundary shear stress and sediment transport in river meanders of sand and gravel. River Meandering, 1-50. doi:10.1029/wm012p0001Ervine, D. A., Willetts, B. B., Sellin, R. H. J., & Lorena, M. (1993). Factors Affecting Conveyance in Meandering Compound Flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 119(12), 1383-1399. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1993)119:12(1383)Gaume, E., Livet, M., Desbordes, M., & Villeneuve, J.-P. (2004). Hydrological analysis of the river Aude, France, flash flood on 12 and 13 November 1999. Journal of Hydrology, 286(1-4), 135-154. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.015Grant, G. E. (1997). Critical flow constrains flow hydraulics in mobile-bed streams: A new hypothesis. Water Resources Research, 33(2), 349-358. doi:10.1029/96wr03134Hessel, R. (2006). Consequences of hyperconcentrated flow for process-based soil erosion modelling on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 31(9), 1100-1114. doi:10.1002/esp.1307House, P. K., & Baker, V. R. (2001). Paleohydrology of flash floods in small desert watersheds in western Arizona. Water Resources Research, 37(6), 1825-1839. doi:10.1029/2000wr900408House, P. K., & Pearthree, P. A. (1995). A geomorphologic and hydrologic evaluation of an extraordinary flood discharge estimate: Bronco Creek, Arizona. Water Resources Research, 31(12), 3059-3073. doi:10.1029/95wr02428Hungr, O. (s. f.). Classification and terminology. Springer Praxis Books, 9-23. doi:10.1007/3-540-27129-5_2Iverson, R. M. (1997). The physics of debris flows. Reviews of Geophysics, 35(3), 245-296. doi:10.1029/97rg00426Iverson , R. M. 2003 The debris-flow rheology myth, paper presented at debris-flow hazards mitigation: mechanics, prediction, and assessment 303 314 Millpress Rotterdam, Davos, SwitzerlandIverson, R. M., Logan, M., LaHusen, R. G., & Berti, M. (2010). The perfect debris flow? Aggregated results from 28 large-scale experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(F3). doi:10.1029/2009jf001514Jarrett, R. D. (1987). Closure to «
Hydraulics of HighâGradient Streams
» by Robert D. Jarrett (November, 1984). Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 113(7), 927-929. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1987)113:7(927)Jarrett, R. D., & Tomlinson, E. M. (2000). Regional interdisciplinary paleoflood approach to assess extreme flood potential. Water Resources Research, 36(10), 2957-2984. doi:10.1029/2000wr900098Lavigne, F., & Suwa, H. (2004). Contrasts between debris flows, hyperconcentrated flows and stream flows at a channel of Mount Semeru, East Java, Indonesia. Geomorphology, 61(1-2), 41-58. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.11.005McCoy, S. W., Kean, J. W., Coe, J. A., Staley, D. M., Wasklewicz, T. A., & Tucker, G. E. (2010). Evolution of a natural debris flow: In situ measurements of flow dynamics, video imagery, and terrestrial laser scanning. Geology, 38(8), 735-738. doi:10.1130/g30928.1Pierson , T. C. 2005 Distinguishing between debris flows and floods from field evidence Small Watersheds U.S. Geological Survey 2004 3142Pierson, T. C. (s. f.). Hyperconcentrated flow â transitional process between water flow and debris flow. Springer Praxis Books, 159-202. doi:10.1007/3-540-27129-5_8Pierson, T. C., & Costa, J. E. (1987). A rheologic classification of subaerial sediment-water flows. Reviews in Engineering Geology, 1-12. doi:10.1130/reg7-p1Pierson, T. C., & Scott, K. M. (1985). Downstream Dilution of a Lahar: Transition From Debris Flow to Hyperconcentrated Streamflow. Water Resources Research, 21(10), 1511-1524. doi:10.1029/wr021i010p01511Rico, M., Benito, G., & Barnolas, A. (2001). Combined palaeoflood and rainfallârunoff assessment of mountain floods (Spanish Pyrenees). Journal of Hydrology, 245(1-4), 59-72. doi:10.1016/s0022-1694(01)00339-0Roca, M., MartĂn-Vide, J. P., & Moreta, P. J. M. (2009). Modelling a torrential event in a river confluence. Journal of Hydrology, 364(3-4), 207-215. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.10.020Ruiz-Villanueva, V., Bodoque, J. M., DĂez-Herrero, A., & Calvo, C. (2011). Triggering threshold precipitation and soil hydrological characteristics of shallow landslides in granitic landscapes. Geomorphology, 133(3-4), 178-189. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.05.018Shiono, K., & Knight, D. W. (1991). Turbulent open-channel flows with variable depth across the channel. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 222(-1), 617. doi:10.1017/s0022112091001246Shu, A., & Fei, X. (2008). Sediment transport capacity of hyperconcentrated flow. Science in China Series G: Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy, 51(8), 961-975. doi:10.1007/s11433-008-0108-4Siviglia, A., & Cantelli, A. (2005). Effect of bottom curvature on mudflow dynamics: Theory and experiments. Water Resources Research, 41(11). doi:10.1029/2005wr004475Sleiti, A. K., & Kapat, J. S. (2008). Effect of Coriolis and centrifugal forces on turbulence and transport at high rotation and density ratios in a rib-roughened channel. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 47(5), 609-619. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2007.06.008SMITH, G. A. (1986). Coarse-grained nonmarine volcaniclastic sediment: Terminology and depositional process. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97(1), 1. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1986)972.0.co;2Sohn, Y. K., Rhee, C. W., & Kim, B. C. (1999). Debris Flow and Hyperconcentrated FloodâFlow Deposits in an Alluvial Fan, Northwestern Part of the Cretaceous Yongdong Basin, Central Korea. The Journal of Geology, 107(1), 111-132. doi:10.1086/314334Sosio, R., & Crosta, G. B. (2009). Rheology of concentrated granular suspensions and possible implications for debris flow modeling. Water Resources Research, 45(3). doi:10.1029/2008wr006920Svendsen, J., Stollhofen, H., Krapf, C. B. ., & Stanistreet, I. G. (2003). Mass and hyperconcentrated flow deposits record dune damming and catastrophic breakthrough of ephemeral rivers, Skeleton Coast Erg, Namibia. Sedimentary Geology, 160(1-3), 7-31. doi:10.1016/s0037-0738(02)00334-2Tinkler, K. J. (1997). Critical flow in rockbed streams with estimated values for Manningâs n. Geomorphology, 20(1-2), 147-164. doi:10.1016/s0169-555x(97)00011-1Trieste , D. J. R. D. Jarrett 1987 Roughness coefficients of large floodsVan Maren, D. S., Winterwerp, J. C., Wu, B. S., & Zhou, J. J. (2009). Modelling hyperconcentrated flow in the Yellow River. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 34(4), 596-612. doi:10.1002/esp.1760Wan, Z., Wang, Z., & Julien, P. Y. (1994). Hyperconcentrated Flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 120(10), 1234-1234. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1994)120:10(1234)Winterwerp, J. C. (2001). Stratification effects by cohesive and noncohesive sediment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 106(C10), 22559-22574. doi:10.1029/2000jc000435Jiongxin, X. (1999). Erosion caused by hyperconcentrated flow on the Loess Plateau of China. CATENA, 36(1-2), 1-19. doi:10.1016/s0341-8162(99)00009-
Strategies in the 2D numerical modelling of wood transport in rivers
In recent years the improvements in computational capacity and the advances in numerical modelling techniques have produced a significant increase in the type of river processes that can be studied with the support of numerical models. Water quality and sediment transport are some of these processes, and it also applies to the case of wood transport. In the last five years several publications have proven the utility of numerical modelling of wood transport for predicting and better understanding wood dynamics, analyzing the influence of wood on flow conditions, and the interactions with infrastructures, and for including this phenomenon in the flood risk assessment. Besides these studies, numerical modelling of wood in rivers is still challenging, and different strategies can be used. We present and discuss some details of numerical strategies used in the simulation of wood transport within a 2D hydrodynamic model based on the finite volume method.Peer Reviewe
Characterization of wood-laden flows in rivers
This is the accepted version of the following article: [RuizâVillanueva, V., Mazzorana, B., BladĂ©, E., BĂŒrkli, L., IribarrenâAnacona, P., Mao, L., Nakamura, F., Ravazzolo, D., Rickenmann, D., SanzâRamos, M., Stoffel, M., and Wohl, E. ( 2019) Characterization of woodâladen flows in rivers. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4603.], which has been published in final form at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/esp.4603Inorganic sediment is not the only solid-fraction component of river flows; flows may also carry significant amounts of large organic material (i.e., large wood), but the characteristics of these wood-laden flows (WLF) are not well understood yet. With the aim to shed light on these relatively unexamined phenomena, we collected home videos showing natural flows with wood as the main solid component. Analyses of these videos as well as the watersheds and streams where the videos were recorded allowed us to define for the first time WLF, describe the main characteristics of these flows and broaden the definition of wood transport regimes (adding a new regime called here hypercongested wood transport). According to our results, WLF may occur repeatedly, in a large range of catchment sizes, generally in steep, highly confined single thread channels in mountain areas. WLF are typically highly unsteady and the log motion is non-uniform, as described for other inorganic sediment-laden flows (e.g., debris flows). The conceptual integration of wood into our understanding of flow phenomena is illustrated by a novel classification defining the transition from clear water to hypercongested, wood and sediment-laden flows, according to the composition of the mixture (sediment, wood, and water). We define the relevant metrics for the quantification and modelling of WLF, including an exhaustive discussion of different modelling approaches (i.e., Voellmy, Bingham and Manning) and provide a first attempt to simulate WLF. We draw attention to WLF phenomena to encourage further field, theoretical, and experimental investigations that may contribute to a better understanding of flows river basins, leading to more accurate predictions, and better hazard mitigation and management strategies.Peer Reviewe