PREMISES ON THE LOCAL INFORMATION

Numerous researches prove that though people - mainly in big cities - spend greater part of their days at work, the many-sided impacts and specific interest structure of their residence become more and more determinant. This fact is shown not only by the elections and referendums, but by the increasing demands on local papers or special cable TV-channels, too

Social learning from humans or conspecifics: differences and similarities between wolves and dogs

Most domestication hypotheses propose that dogs have been selected for enhanced communication and interactions with humans, including learning socially from human demonstrators. However, to what extent these skills are newly derived and to what extent they originate from wolf–wolf interactions is unclear. In order to test for the possible origins of dog social cognition, we need to compare the interactions of wolves and dogs with humans and with conspecifics. Here, we tested identically raised and kept juvenile wolves and dogs in a social learning task with human and conspecific demonstrators. Using a local enhancement task, we found that both wolves and dogs benefitted from a demonstration independent of the demonstrator species in comparison to a control, no demonstration condition. Interestingly, if the demonstrator only pretended to hide food at the target location, wolves and dogs reacted differently: while dogs differentiated between this without-food and with-food demonstration independent of the demonstrator species, wolves only did so in case of human demonstrators. We attribute this finding to wolves being more attentive toward behavioral details of the conspecific models than the dogs: although the demonstrator dogs were trained to execute the demonstration, they disliked the food reward, which might have decreased the interest of the wolves in finding the food reward. Overall, these results suggest that dogs but also wolves can use information provided by both human and conspecific demonstrators in a local enhancement task. Therefore we suggest that a more fine-scale analysis of dog and wolf social learning is needed to determine the effects of domestication

A napraforgó-peronoszpórával szembeni szisztemikus indukált rezisztencia citológiai és molekuláris genetikai háttere = Investigations on the cytological and molecular genetic aspects of systemic induced resistance in sunflower against Plasmopara halstedii

A napraforgó-peronoszpóra elleni hagyományos védekezési módszerek alkalmazásakor több probléma is felmerül a gyakorlatban. Az új, alternatív megoldások, mint pl. a növényi aktivátorokkal kialakítható szisztemikus aktivált rezisztencia (SAR) vizsgálata ezért alapvető jelentőségű. Az általunk alkalmazott növényaktivátorok (BTH, DCINA, BABA) jelentősen csökkentették a fogékony napraforgó fajták és genotípusok peronoszpórás fertőzöttségét: a sziklevélen megjelenő sporulációt, a lomblevelek klorózisát, a növények törpülését és az elhalt egyedek számát. Az aktivátorokkal kezelt fogékony egyedek szöveteiben a fertőzést követően hiperszenzitív reakciót, sejtnekrózisokat, másodlagos sejtosztódást és aktív oxigénvegyületek felhalmozódását lehetett megfigyelni, amely hasonló volt a genetikai rezisztenciával rendelkező növények reakciójához. A SAR molekuláris genetikai hátterét vizsgálva a BTH hatására megnövekedett polifenol-oxidáz és guajakol-peroxidáz szintet, valamint bizonyos géntermékek (GST, PDF, CATA2) mennyiségének növekedését mértük (hasonlóan az ellenálló vonalakhoz), amelyek jelentős szerepet játszottak a fertőzés visszaszorításában. A vizsgált gazda-parazita kapcsolatokban az indukált rezisztencia megnyilvánulása sejt, szöveti és molekuláris genetikai szinten nagyon hasonló volt a genetikai rezisztenciához és a napraforgó-peronoszpóra elleni védekezés egyik fontos eleme lehet. | Protection against the sunflower downy mildew has been affected by several factors. Beside the traditional control strategies, therefore, alternative or supplementary methods are needed, such as the use of induced resistance. According to our results systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by BTH, DCINA and BABA, respectively, appeared to be able to restrict downy mildew symptoms, seen as fungal sporulation, leaf chlorosis, dwarfing and damping off, significantly. Hypersensitive reaction, cell necrosis, secondary cell division and the accumulation of active oxigen species found to be associated with infected and induced susceptible plants resembled that usually appearing in genetically resistant inoculated sunflowers. The accumulation of poliphenol-oxidase and guajacol-oxidase enzymes as well as three gene transcripts (GST, PDF, CATA2) were found to be increased in the susceptible sunflower genotype following BTH treatment. In conclusion, induced resistance was very similar to genetic resistance either at host tissue or molecular level in the examined host-pathogen combinations. It seems that immunactivators have some potential as one component of an integrated programme for disease management in sunflower crops

Alkaloidszármazékok szintézise = Synthesis of alkaloid derivatives

a) Elsőként alkalmaztunk 3-nitrokromén-származékokat 2 pi komponensként azometin-ilidek 1,3-dipoláris cikloaddíciójában b) Új, egyedényes eljárást dolgoztunk ki hexahidro-pirrolo[2,1-a]izokinolinok előállítására c) Új azepin gyűrűt tartalmozó indolszármazékok előállítását valósítottuk meg 1,7-elektrociklizációs reakciók segítségével d) A lamellarin alkaloidok gyűrűrendszerének egyszerű szintézisét valósítottuk meg a pirrolo[2,1-a]izokinolin gyűrűrendszer 1,5-dipoláris ciklizációs úton történő előállításával, valamint egy független 1,3-dipoláris cikloaddíciót felhasználó szintézisúton. e) Új -karbolin-származékokat állítottunk elő azometin-ilidek 1,7-elektrociklizációjával f) 6,7-Dimetoxi-3,4-dihidroizokinolinok és a 3,4-dihidro-ß-karbolinok új reakcióit fedeztük fel dipolarofilekkel g) Új kinolin-származékokat állítottunk elő azometin-ilidek 1,3-dipoláris cikloaddíciójával h) Ningalin intermedierek szintézisét valósítottuk meg 1,5-elektrociklizációs reakciókban | a ) We have applied 3-nitrochromene derivatives as 2pi components in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylides b) We described a novel one-pot, three component access to hexahydro-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines by an alkylation - dehydrohalogenation - 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition sequence c) New b-carboline derivatives were synthesized via 1,7-electrocyclisation of azomethine ylides d) 1,5-Electrocyclisation of azomethine ylides leading to pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines - Concise construction of the lamellarine skeleton e) Synthesis of benz[5,6]azepino[4,3-b]indoles by 1,7-electrocyclisation of azomethine ylides f) Novel reactions of 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline and 3,4-dihydro-ß-carboline with dipolarophiles g) The synthesis of new functionalized quinolyl derivatives has been described, based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides h)The synthesis of Ningalin alkaloid intermediates was accomplished by the 1,5-electrocyclisation of azomethine ylide

Induction of Resistance with Benzothiadiazole in Sunflower: a Comparison of Biotrophic vs. Necrotrophic Pathosystems

In the present work we aimed at comparing the effect of benzothiadiazole (BTH) treatment on defence reactions of sunflower plants to downy mildew and white rot diseases. BTH treatment resulted in reduced disease symptoms in biotrophic and in the early stage of the necrotrophic interactions. To get a better insight into the effect of BTH, changes in the activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes, as well as the expression of the host response-associated sunflower genes were examined in the plants. Inoculation with Plasmopara halstedii enhanced the polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activities, while inoculation with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum did it only at 4 dpi. However, most importantly, in each case extracts from BTH pretreated and inoculated plants showed the highest polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzyme activities. Similarly, the accumulation of GST and PDF transcripts was detected following inoculations with both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, and again, BTH pre-treatment enhanced GST and defensine gene activities in the inoculated plants. We suggest that induction of enzyme activities, as well as of the elevated expression of GST, PDF and PR5 genes by BTH pre-treatment may be a significant part of the induced resistance of sunflower to downy mildew and white rot (white mold)

Dog Owners’ Interaction Styles: Their Components and Associations with Reactions of Pet Dogs to a Social Threat

The bond dogs develop with their owner received increased attention in the last years but no study aimed at characterizing the way in which owners interact with their dogs in their daily life and how this might influence dog behavior. In order to examine how dog owners interact with their dogs, we first analyzed the behavior of 220 dog owners in 8 different standardized situations involving the owner-dog dyad. We extracted 3 behavioral factors related to Owner Warmth, Owner Social Support and Owner Control. Further, we investigated whether owner personality, gender and age are associated with these three factors. Results indicated that older owners scored lower in Owner Warmth and in Owner Social Support and higher in Owner Control than younger owners. Furthermore, owners scoring high in Owner Control scored lower in the personality trait Openness and owners scoring high in Owner Social Support scored lower in the personality trait Conscientiousness. Finally, we also analyzed whether the dogs´ reaction to an unfamiliar woman’s threatening approach was associated with the owners’ interaction styles. Results showed that dogs that searched for proximity of their owners during the threatening situation had owners scoring higher in Owner Warmth, as compared to dogs that reacted more autonomously, approaching the unfamiliar experimenter. Analogies between dog-owner interaction styles and human parenting styles are discussed considering the implications of the present findings for human social psychology as well as the practical relevance for dog welfare and human safety