SUBSURFACE AND SURFACE TILLAGE PRACTICES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON STRUCTURE, PERMEABILITY AND CROP YIELD IN A CHERNOZEMIC AND SOLONETZIC SOIL

Fall tillage on the Canadian prairies may involve subsurface tillage (subsoiling) and surface tillage operations. These tillage practices alter soil physical properties such as aggregation, strength, bulk density, air and water permeability that can subsequently affect growth and yield of following crops. Reclaiming compacted Chernozemic and Solonetzic soils with hardpan B horizons may be possible through subsoiling operations to loosen the soil to depth e.g. ~30cm, while surface tillage operations such as tandem disc and vertical tillage can be used to get rid of recalcitrant crop residues like flax straw by incorporation to ~ 10cm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of subsurface and surface tillage on soil physical properties and subsequent crop yield. Subsoiling treatments were applied to wheel traffic compacted and non-compacted Chernozemic and Solonetzic soils at a site in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada. Subsoiling increased air permeability in the compacted Chernozemic soil from 4.5x10-7 m sec-1 to 2.9x10-6 m sec-1. The subsoiler also significantly reduced soil bulk density and soil strength in both soil types. Subsoiling increased crop production on only one soil type; the long-term wheel traffic compacted Solonetzic soil, which had the highest soil strength (> 2000 kPa), where canola grain yield was increased by 1,100 kg ha-1. Effects of the subsoiling on soil physical properties and crop yield diminished greatly in the second year after subsoiling. Vertical tillage in the Chernozemic soil to incorporate flax straw tended to decrease water infiltration and air permeability compared to the raking and burning treatment and the no-till, no-burn control. Surface tillage of the flax stubble using tandem disk or vertical tillage implement, raking and burning, and direct seeding into the flax stubble all had similar wheat and pea yields in the in the first and second year of the study. When considering fall tillage, subsoiling may be most effectively applied to long-term wheel traffic compacted areas of a field with identified high soil strength. Surface tillage, raking and burning to reduce perceived residue interference may not be required if residue chopping and spreading by the combine at harvest is effective

Las garantías de la constitución y su fuerza normativa. Entrevista a Raúl Gustavo Ferreyra

Interview to Raul Gustavo Ferreyra.Entrevista a Raúl Gustavo Ferreyra

Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Latin America and its association with sub-clinical carotid atherosclerosis: the CARMELA cross sectional study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Metabolic syndrome increases cardiovascular risk. Limited information on its prevalence in Latin America is available. The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America (CARMELA) study included assessment of metabolic syndrome in 7 urban Latin American populations.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>CARMELA was a cross-sectional, population-based, observational study conducted in Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Lima, Peru; Mexico City, Mexico; Quito, Ecuador; and Santiago, Chile. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III), and associated carotid atherosclerosis were investigated in 11,502 participants aged 25 to 64 years.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Across CARMELA cities, metabolic syndrome was most prevalent in Mexico City (27%) and Barquisimeto (26%), followed by Santiago (21%), Bogota (20%), Lima (18%), Buenos Aires (17%), and Quito (14%). In nondiabetic participants, prevalence was slightly lower but followed a comparable ranking. Overall, 59%, 59%, and 73% of women with high triglycerides, hypertension, or glucose abnormalities, respectively, and 64%, 48% and 71% of men with abdominal obesity, hypertension, or glucose abnormalities, respectively, had the full metabolic syndrome. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased with age, markedly so in women. Mean common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCAIMT) and prevalence of carotid plaque increased steeply with increasing numbers of metabolic syndrome components; mean CCAIMT was higher and plaque more prevalent in participants with metabolic syndrome than without.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components by NCEP ATP III criteria was substantial across cities, ranging from 14% to 27%. CARMELA findings, including evidence of the association of metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis, should inform appropriate clinical and public health interventions.</p

Calidad microbiológica de las aguas termales del balneario “El Tingo”. Pichincha. Ecuador

Objective: The purpose of research was determining the microbiological quality of the thermal water of the “El Tingo” Spa, located at 2500 mamsl, Pichincha Province, Ecuador. Methods: Four samplings were carried out at different times of the year and in two areas of the Spa. The physicochemical parameters (conductivity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, pH, dissolved solids and tempe­rature) were determined “in situ”. The heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms and molds was determined, as well as the identification of the isolated strains according to the indicated by MacFaddin (2004). Results: The Tingo thermal water is classified as very strong conductivity, excessive mineralization, very hard water, with very little dissolved oxygen, neutral pH and hyperthermal. The average count of he­terotrophic bacteria in the water contained in the cistern of the spa were 2.10 x 102 CFU / mL, coliforms 0.30 x 10 CFU / mL and fungi1,00 x 10 CFU / mL. For the thermal water showers, the average values were 2.42 x 102 CFU/ mL of heterotrophic bacteria, 0.85 x 10 CFU / mL coliforms and 0.68 x 10 CFU/ mLfungi. Escherichia coli were not detectedin any of the samples. It was possible to identify 14 Gram negative strains of the genus Aeromonas, Burkholderia, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas, 5 Gram positive of the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus and 2 fungal strains of the genus Aspergillus.Objetivo. El proposito del trabajo fue determinar la calidad microbiologica del agua termal del Balneario “El Tingo”, situado a 2500 msnm, Provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador. Metodo. Se realizaron cuatro muestreos en diferentes epocas del año y en dos zonas del Balneario. Se determinaron “in situ” los parametros fisicoquimicos (conductividad, dureza, oxigeno disuelto, pH, solidos disueltos y temperatura), utilizando de una sonda multiparámetro. La cuantificacion de bacterias heterotrofas, coliformes y mohos se hizo en placas PetrifilmTM. La identificacion taxonomica de las cepas aisladas se realizo de acuerdo a lo indicado por  Andueza (2007).  Resultados. Los resultados  indican que el agua termal del Tingo se clasifican como de conductividad muy fuerte, mineralización excesiva, aguas muy duras, con muy poco oxigeno disuelto, pH neutro e hipertermales. El contaje promedio de bacterias heterótrofas en el agua contenida en la cisterna del balneario fue de 2,11 x 102 UFC/mL, coliformes 3,00 UFC/mL y mohos 2,00 x 10 UFC/mL. Para las duchas de agua termal los valores promedios fueron de 2,33 x 102 UFC/mL de bacterias heterótrofas, 1,60 x 10 UFC/mL coliformes y 1,70 x10 UFC/mL de mohos. No se detectó la presencia de coliformes fecales. Se identificaron 14 cepas Gram negativas de los géneros Aeromonas, Burkholderia, Citrobacter y Pseudomonas, 5 Gram positivas de los géneros Bacillus y Staphylococcus y 2 cepas fúngicas del género Aspergillus Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran una población microbiana escasa y poco diversa, lo que implica una buena calidad del agua y de los acuífero

Cardiovascular Risk Awareness, Treatment, and Control in Urban Latin America

on behalf of the CARMELA Study Investigators Effective prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases require regular screening for risk factors, high awareness of the condition, effective treatment of the identified risk factors, and adherence to the prescribed treatment. The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America study was a cross-sectional, population-based, observational study of major cardiovascular risk factors-including hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia-in 7 Latin American cities. This report presents data on assessment, diagnosis, extent, and effectiveness of treatment, adherence to treatment, and reasons for nonadherence. Data were collected through household questionnaire-based interviews administered to 5383 men and 6167 women, 25-64 years of age, living in the following cities: Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Bogota, Colombia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Lima, Peru; Mexico City, Mexico; Quito, Ecuador; and Santiago, Chile. Participants also completed a clinic visit for anthromorphometric and laboratory assessments. Rates of prior diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes were high (64% and 78% of affected individuals, respectively) but relatively low for hypercholesterolemia (41%). The majority of affected individuals (hypercholesterolemia 88%, diabetes 67%, and hypertension 53%) were untreated. Among individuals who were receiving pharmacologic treatment, targets for control of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia were achieved by 51%, 16%, and 52%, respectively. Adherence to treatment was observed in 69% of individuals with hypertension, 63% with diabetes, and 66% with hypercholesterolemia. Forgetfulness was the major cause of nonadherence for all 3 conditions. There is a substantial need for increasing patient education, diagnosis, treatment, adherence, and control of cardiovascular risk factors in the 7 Latin American cities. Keywords: adherence, awareness, blood pressure, cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, treatment control CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE (1) Although a majority of individuals knew they had hypertension or diabetes, only 41% were aware of hypercholesterolemia. (2) Forty-seven percent of hypertensive, 33% of diabetic, and 12% of hypercholesterolemic individuals were receiving pharmacological treatment, yet control of these conditions was low

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Sistema administrativo de cambio de divisas (SACADI): documentos de análisis de requerimientos

Como parte del análisis se procedió a realizar una revisión del negocio de cambios, para conocerlo, para visualizar en forma conjunta cuales son sus problemas y oportunidades, etc. Con este propósito se aplicó una metodolgía que entre otras características supone: la ejecución de varios talleres de autorreconocimiento con la participación de la mayoría de los ejecutivos de un banco o financiera; la revisión y profundización del análisis con la participación de un comité ejecutivo de tres miembros, y finalmente la ejecución de otros talleres de retroalimentación para obtener una depuración y los consensos necesarios. Producto de estas actividades se llegó a elaborar el documento que se adjunta.GuayaquilIngeniero en Computació

Carotid artery intima media thickness, plaque and framingham cardiovascular score in Asia, Africa/Middle East and Latin America: the PARC-AALA Study

Objective The PARC-AALA (Paroi arterielle et Risque Cardiovasculaire in Asia Africa/ Middle East and Latin America) study was designed to evaluate the correlation between intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (CCAIMT), carotid plaque and absolute cardiovascular risk in a multi-ethnic population