A Survey on IOT based Real Time, Smart Adaptive Street Lighting System with Pollution Monitoring for Smart Cities

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new interconnection of technology. It is being heralded as the next industrial revolution. It’s also praised for its ability to reduce waste and energy, by allowing us to better control our use of resources based on our actual needs. Currently, energy consumed by the street lights in metropolitan cities is extremely high and hence are less efficient. One of the major problems with the existing street lighting system is that all the street lights are controlled manually and therefore require huge manpower. Even if a street light stops working there is no way by which the authorities can know about the failure. Another growing concern in cities is the pollution. The purpose of this paper is to propose a solution which can be adopted in every city where all the street lights are connected to the central server via internet which can be monitored remotely and thus making it an energy efficient system. These street lights are adaptive meaning that they can change the intensity of light depending on the vehicular movement. They also send information about the pollution level in that locality. Thus IoT promises huge improvements in street lighting system

Power aware routing in ad hoc wireless networks

Development of the efficient power aware protocol is the need of today s adhoc networks. Although developing battery efficient systems that have low cost and complexity, remains a crucial issue. In order to facilitate communication within a mobile adhoc network, an efficient routing protocol is required to discover routes between mobile nodes. Power is one of the most important design criteria for adhoc networks as batteries provide limited working capacity to the mobile nodes. Power failure of a mobile node not only affects the node itself but also its ability to forward packets on behalf of others and hence affects the overall network lifetime. Much research efforts have been devoted to develop energy aware routing protocols. In this paper we propose an efficient algorithm, which maximizes the network lifetime by minimizing the power consumption during the source to destination route establishment. As a case study proposed algorithm has been incorporated along with the route discovery procedure of AODV and by simulation it is observed that proposed algorithm s perperformance is better as compare to AODV and DSR in terms of various energy related parameters like Total Energy Consumption, Average Energy Left Per Alive Node, Node Termination Rate, and Network Lifetime for different network scenarios.Facultad de Informátic

Power aware routing in ad hoc wireless networks

Development of the efficient power aware protocol is the need of today s adhoc networks. Although developing battery efficient systems that have low cost and complexity, remains a crucial issue. In order to facilitate communication within a mobile adhoc network, an efficient routing protocol is required to discover routes between mobile nodes. Power is one of the most important design criteria for adhoc networks as batteries provide limited working capacity to the mobile nodes. Power failure of a mobile node not only affects the node itself but also its ability to forward packets on behalf of others and hence affects the overall network lifetime. Much research efforts have been devoted to develop energy aware routing protocols. In this paper we propose an efficient algorithm, which maximizes the network lifetime by minimizing the power consumption during the source to destination route establishment. As a case study proposed algorithm has been incorporated along with the route discovery procedure of AODV and by simulation it is observed that proposed algorithm s perperformance is better as compare to AODV and DSR in terms of various energy related parameters like Total Energy Consumption, Average Energy Left Per Alive Node, Node Termination Rate, and Network Lifetime for different network scenarios.Facultad de Informátic

Isolation and molecular characterization of symbiotic bacterial isolates associated with entomopathogenic nematodes in agro climatic zone 5 of Karnataka

The investigation was carried out to study the biochemical characterization of symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from agro climatic zone 5 of Karnataka. Twenty two entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated by insect bait method using fifth instar larvae of Galleria mellonella. Twenty symbiotic bacteria were isolated from these entomopathogenic nematodes and named based on the source place. These isolates were identified based on microscopic observation, biochemical and physiological characters like Gelatin liquefaction test, Catalase test, Lactose fermentation test, Urease test, Motility test and Colony morphology studies on Nutrient agar, NBTA and Mac Conkey agar media. The diversity of these isolates was characterized by using RAPD markers. Primer screening was carried out using 13 decamer random primers, out of which 7 primers were detected for RAPD analysis. A total of 44 bands were scored out of which 42 bands were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data clearly depicted that all the 20 symbiotic bacterial isolates formed four major clusters. The percent polymorphism observed in the isolates was 95.45% which is quiet high and suggests that the symbiotic bacterial population exhibit high genetic diversity

Recovery of Cu and Ni from a Secondary Resource by Hydrometallurgical Route

A high iron containing copper and nickel based secondary resource analysing 22.43% Cu, 7.94% Ni and 36.28% iron has been treated to recover valuable metals by leaching with sulphuric acid. It was found that recovery of copper and nickel increased with increase in temperature and sulphuric acid concentration and in a two-stage leaching with 20% (v/v) sulphuric acid at 368 K above 99.9% copper and 82.35% nickel were recovered. The leaching data best fitted into chemical controlled kinetic model showing chemical reaction at the surface of the solid matrix. Activation energy of 20 kJ/mol and 44 kJ/mol were acquired for dissolution of copper and nickel, respectively. Attempts were also made to separate iron from the leach liquor by using Versatic 10 and recovery of copper and nickel in the form of their sulphate by solvent extraction; the copper and nickel could then be recovered as salts, metal cathodes or metal powder

Antimicrobial effect of Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standley, against certain bacteria and fungal strains

This study was performed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal potency of Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standley, commonly known as bottle gourd belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. Petroleum Ether, Chloroform, Methanol, Absolute alcohol and Water showed a majority of the compound including Steroids, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Lactones and Carbohydrates. All the five extracts were prepared by using soxhlet apparatus and the extracts showed moderate to potent antimicrobial activity against the bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal strains: such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus oryzae and Trichoderma harzianum

Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of APRI and Transient Elastography for prediction of esophageal variceal bleed in liver cirrhosis

Background: Liver Cirrhosis is the end-stage for chronic liver disease. Repeated course of endoscopy is recommended, as this intervention is expensive and often poorly accepted by patients, there is a need for non-invasive methods to predicts the progression of portal hypertension as well as the presence and size of esophageal varices. This study was aimed to assess the APRI and Transient Elastography for predicting esophageal variceal bleed in cirrhotic patients. Objectives of the study were to study Diagnostic accuracy of APRI for Prediction of esophageal variceal bleed in liver cirrhosis, diagnostic accuracy of Transient Elastography for Prediction of esophageal variceal bleed in liver cirrhosis, comparison of diagnostic accuracy of APRI and Transient Elastography for Prediction of esophageal variceal bleed in liver cirrhosis. Methods: It was a Single centre, observational study in 35 patients of chronic liver disease. Patients were included in the study after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. CBC, LFT, KFT, SE, viral marker, USG whole abdomen, UGIE, Transient Elastography was done. APRI was calculated for every patient. Results: The APRI and Transient Elastography showed moderate diagnostic accuracy in predicting the presence of esophageal variceal bleed. Transient Elastography performed better for prediction of esophageal variceal bleed. Conclusions: The APRI and Transient Elastography showed moderate diagnostic accuracy in predicting the presence of esophageal variceal bleed. They help in starting prophylactic therapy earlier to prevent the bleeding and other complications of varices. These non-invasive parameters can also play an effective role in conjunction with endoscopy in predicting the presence of esophageal varices

Pathogenicity of symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes on larvae of Galleria mellonella

The investigation was carried out to study the effect of different population of symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes isolated from agroclimatic zone 5 of Karnataka on second instar larvae of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella by artificial diet method. Entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated by insect bait method and symbiotic bacteria were isolated and identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Second instar larvae of G. mellonella were fed with artificial diet containing different populations of bacterial cells and mortality data of larvae was recorded after 48hrs. The cumulative mortality of larvae has increased with increase in the concentration of bacterial cells. The median lethal concentration varied among the bacterial isolates against G.mellonella larvae. Among the twenty isolates used in the study, isolate KPR1 was found to be highly pathogenic with a lower median lethal concentration of  0.018x105 cells/ml followed by HEB2 (0.084x105 cells/ml), KPR4 (0.12x105 cells/ml), CHK1(0.13x105 cells/ml), KPR3(0.16x105 cells/ml), EXP2 (0.19x105 cells/ml) CHK2 (0.19x105 cells/ml), RMG2(0.20x105 cells/ml). The remaining twelve bacterial isolates showed higher median lethal concentration with isolate BGR showing the highest LD50 of 26x105 cells/ml. These results suggest that the toxic activity to G. mellonella varied among the Symbiotic bacteria isolated from different locations.ÂÂ

Solvent extraction and separation of zinc and cobalt from ammoniacal solution

A process was developed to recover Zn and Co by solvent extraction from the raffinate generated during processing of sea nodules. From a model ammoniacal solution containing 0.2 g/L Zn or 0.2 g/L Co, extraction of Zn and Co by Versatic acid was studied. A maximum of 87% Zn was extracted with 1M Versatic acid in single stage, whereas extraction of Co was negligible due to its higher oxidation state. When Co(III) was reduced to Co(II) by the addition of cobalt powder, 1M Versatic acid extracted 76% Co in a single stage. From the McCabe Thiele diagram number of counter current extraction stages required for complete recovery of Zn and Co from ammoniacal solution was determined. Simulation of counter current extraction of Zn and Co was also carried out. Thus, this process can be used to recover Zn, leaving Co in the raffinate. Then Co can be recovered by solvent extraction with Versatic acid after reducing Co(III) to Co(II) state