Normas en sociedades cazadoras-pescadoras-recolectoras : argumentos para el uso de la simulación social basada en agentes

El uso de simulación de agentes dirigida en arqueología tiene, relativamente, una larga tradición. Sin embargo, estas simulaciones han estado orientadas, principalmente, a estudiar los procesos espaciales y la gestión de los recursos y sistemáticamente han hecho caso omiso de un aspecto esencial de toda sociedad: el uso de las normas sociales e institucionales como mecanismo para regular el comportamiento de los individuos. En este artículo se propone una norma centrada en la simulación (en contraste con la simulación tradicional centrada en los recursos) donde el sistema normativo es a la vez el núcleo de la simulación y el objeto de estudio. Nuestro objetivo final es establecer las bases de un modelo general del comportamiento social de una sociedad cazadora-pescadora-recolectora (CPr) sin instituciones políticas, pero con estrictas normas sociales.The use of agent-directed simulation in archaeology has a relatively long tradition. However, these simulations have been always oriented mainly to study spatial processes and resource management and systematically ignore an essential aspect of any society: the use of social and institutional norms as a mechanism to regulate the behaviour of the individuals. In this paper we propose a norm-centric simulation (in contrast to the traditional resource-centric simulation) where the normative system is both the core of the simulation and the subject of study. Our final goal is to set the foundations of a rather general model of social behaviour in a hunter-fisher-gatherer (HFG) society without political institutions but with strict social norms

Normas en sociedades cazadoras-pescadoras-recolectoras : argumentos para el uso de la simulación social basada en agentes

El uso de simulación de agentes dirigida en arqueología tiene, relativamente, una larga tradición. Sin embargo, estas simulaciones han estado orientadas, principalmente, a estudiar los procesos espaciales y la gestión de los recursos y sistemáticamente han hecho caso omiso de un aspecto esencial de toda sociedad: el uso de las normas sociales e institucionales como mecanismo para regular el comportamiento de los individuos. En este artículo se propone una norma centrada en la simulación (en contraste con la simulación tradicional centrada en los recursos) donde el sistema normativo es a la vez el núcleo de la simulación y el objeto de estudio. Nuestro objetivo final es establecer las bases de un modelo general del comportamiento social de una sociedad cazadora-pescadora-recolectora (CPr) sin instituciones políticas, pero con estrictas normas sociales.The use of agent-directed simulation in archaeology has a relatively long tradition. However, these simulations have been always oriented mainly to study spatial processes and resource management and systematically ignore an essential aspect of any society: the use of social and institutional norms as a mechanism to regulate the behaviour of the individuals. In this paper we propose a norm-centric simulation (in contrast to the traditional resource-centric simulation) where the normative system is both the core of the simulation and the subject of study. Our final goal is to set the foundations of a rather general model of social behaviour in a hunter-fisher-gatherer (HFG) society without political institutions but with strict social norms

A Cohort of Patients with COVID-19 in a Major Teaching Hospital in Europe

BACKGROUND: Since the confirmation of the first patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Spain in January 2020, the epidemic has grown rapidly, with the greatest impact on the region of Madrid. This article describes the first 2226 adult patients with COVID-19, consecutively admitted to La Paz University Hospital in Madrid. METHODS: Our cohort included all patients consecutively hospitalized who had a final outcome (death or discharge) in a 1286-bed hospital of Madrid (Spain) from 25 February (first case admitted) to 19 April 2020. The data were manually entered into an electronic case report form, which was monitored prior to the analysis. RESULTS: We consecutively included 2226 adult patients admitted to the hospital who either died (460) or were discharged (1766). The patients’ median age was 61 years, and 51.8% were women. The most common comorbidity was arterial hypertension (41.3%), and the most common symptom on admission was fever (71.2%). The median time from disease onset to hospital admission was 6 days. The overall mortality was 20.7% and was higher in men (26.6% vs. 15.1%). Seventy-five patients with a final outcome were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) (3.4%). Most patients admitted to the ICU were men, and the median age was 64 years. Baseline laboratory values on admission were consistent with an impaired immune-inflammatory profile. CONCLUSIONS: We provide a description of the first large cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Europe. Advanced age, male sex, the presence of comorbidities and abnormal laboratory values were more common among the patients with fatal outcomes